{
    "type": "FeatureCollection",
    "name": "site",
    "crs": {
        "type": "name",
        "properties": {
            "name": "EPSG:4326"
        }
    },
    "features": [
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
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                ]
            },
            "properties": {
                "id": 48,
                "site_uri": "https:\/\/4care-skos.mf.no\/site\/48",
                "modern_name": "Mad\u012bnat H\u0101b\u016b",
                "ancient_name": "Memnoneia",
                "typology": "village",
                "date_from": 550,
                "date_to": 900,
                "dating_criteria": "",
                "place_names": [
                    {
                        "language": "Egyptian",
                        "pl_name": "\u1e0em\u021d | T\u1e0fm\u021d\u02bf | \u1e0em\u02bf | \u1e0em\u021d.t | Pr-\u1e0em\u021d | P\u021d-\u1e0em\u021d"
                    },
                    {
                        "language": "Greek",
                        "pl_name": "\u03c4\u1f70 \u039c\u03b5\u03bc\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1"
                    },
                    {
                        "language": "Latin",
                        "pl_name": "Menonia"
                    },
                    {
                        "language": "Coptic",
                        "pl_name": "jhme | qhmi"
                    },
                    {
                        "language": "Arabic",
                        "pl_name": "\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0628\u0648"
                    },
                    {
                        "language": "English",
                        "pl_name": "Medinet Habu | Memnonea | Memnonia | Djeme | Jeme | Djema"
                    },
                    {
                        "language": "French",
                        "pl_name": "Medinet Habou | Medinat Abu | Medinet Abou | M\u00e9dinet Habou"
                    }
                ],
                "trismegistos_uri": "https:\/\/www.trismegistos.org\/place\/1341",
                "pleiades_uri": "https:\/\/pleiades.stoa.org\/places\/786067",
                "paths_uri": "https:\/\/atlas.paths-erc.eu\/places\/87",
                "description": "The site of Mad\u012bnat H\u0101b\u016b is situated on the west bank of the Nile on the outskirts of Luxor, at the foot of the Theban Hills. Today the site is best known for the monumental temple of Ramses III, but prior to the 19th century, the site also retained impressive material vestiges of the Late Roman and Coptic-periods, elements which have since been removed. We know, nonetheless, that Mad\u012bnat H\u0101b\u016b was home to a flourishing Christian community thanks to the plethora of texts which importantly associate the site with the famed Djeme (see: Stefanski and Lichtheim 1952). Not all of these texts are published. A small number of the Coptic ostraca were published by W. Till in 1938, while the remaining 400 were published by E. Stefanski and M. Lichtheim in 1952, though these were apparently less than half of the total retrieved, the remaining being \u201csmall and badly preserved fragments which are not worth publishing\u201d (Stefanski and Lichtheim 1952: v). And a large number of the papyri were published by W. E. Crum and G. Steindorff in 1912- Whatsmore, four archaeologically attested churches(\/chapels) further illuminate the situation at the site.\r\nThe now-absent traces of Late Roman and Coptic-period life, which included domestic and religious structures, were concentrated in and around the temple of Ramses III, which was itself constructed atop of earlier structures belonging to the 18th Dynasty. Arguably the most significant of these Christian remains was a basilical church erected within the 2nd court of the temple which was removed by the antiquities service in 1891 prior to the commencement of restoration works (H\u00f6lscher 1934: 1, pl. 32; id 1954: 51-52, figs. 45, 57; Wilber 1940: 93; Timm 1984-1992: 1026). It has been posited that this was known as the \u201cHoly Church of the Castrum Jeme\u201d\/\u201cHoly Church of Jeme\u201d referenced the texts, but there is no direct evidence to demonstrate this (H\u00f6lscher 1931: 56; id 1956: 51). Unlike the Pharaonic monument in which it was situated, the church never saw much scientific interest and so no floorplan was ever produced prior to its removal. Instead, our understanding of the structure and its architecture derives exclusively from drawings and photographs of the temple from the years prior (e.g., Granger 1745: 68), though a description of the baptismal font was offered by George Daressy at the beginning of the 20th century (Daressy 1920: 173). These various works demonstrate that it was a five-aisled basilica, and hypothetical floor plans have since been published (H\u00f6lscher 1954: 52-55, fig. 57). Grossmann tentatively considered the church to have been erected in the fifth century (Grossmann 2002: 457), though he had earlier posited a mid-6th century date (Grossmann 1991: 1497). Various modifications were necessary to the temple space to permit the erection of this church which, in addition to several graffiti, remain the only traces of its presence (Edgerton 1937: pls. 92-102).\r\nA much smaller church, and seemingly the earliest of the four churches recorded, is situated in the court of the temple complex of Eye and Haramhab (H\u00f6lscher 1954: 56, fig. 60; Timm 1984-1992: 1026). This church is understood to have developed out of a pre-existent structure the purpose of which is not clear; the excavators noted similarities with a small, covered marketplace, but considered this improbable given the structure\u2019s presence on the edge of a cemetery. Wilber noted: \u201cThe excavators remark that it seems to have been built over a Roman bath\u201d, but there appears to be no such reference (Wilber 1940: 93). Such a location could rather indicate that it was originally a private funerary mausoleum. The construction of the original building is considered to pre-date 300 based on the presence of later graves in and around the church which are dated to the fourth-fifth century, though exactly why the graves are situated in this time frame is not apparent (H\u00f6lscher 1954: 39-40, 56-57, figs. 60-61 and pl. 34).\r\nIn addition to this was a small church situated outside the eastern fortified gate of the site, only a single course of which was preserved. Little information was published regarding this structure, but it is noted as being similar in plan to the basilica within the temple, albeit far more modest and apparently of a later date (H\u00f6lscher 1934: Pls. 9-10; id 1954: 55-56, fig. 59 and pl. 46; Grossmann 1991: 1497; Timm 1984-1992: 1026). It was suggested by the excavators that this could be the church of Apa Patermuthios mentioned in the papyri, but there is no reason given for this equivalence (H\u00f6lscher 1931: 56).\r\nLastly, there is a church \u2013 or rather chapel \u2013 situated within a small temple in the northeast corner of the Mad\u012bnat H\u0101b\u016b enclosure which contains well-preserved paintings depicting the life and martyrdom of saint Menas (Wilber 1940; H\u00f6lscher 1931: 69; id 1954: 57; Timm 1984-1992: 1026). This is presumably the latest of the four churches, situated sometime in the 8th century (Wilber 1940: 101).\r\nMany of the Coptic-period houses were removed from the temple and surrounding areas presumably at the same time as the removal of the basilical church, with the few that remained subsequently being removed during the course of excavations in 1927. Only \u201cthe ruins outside the enclosure and on top of the old enclosure wall\u201d were left in place (H\u00f6lscher 1954: 45). These structures had been in a remarkable state of preservation prior to removal, all comprising several stories. The best-preserved structures were those to the north and west of the temple, with a large collection of Roman-period structures to the north, dated by the excavators to the third-fourth century, a date aided by lamps as well as coins (H\u00f6lscher 1954: 37, 45, 67 and pl. 29; for a catalogue of the houses, see: p. 49-51 and pls. 40-44).",
                "archaeological_research": "Like the Pharaonic monuments at Luxor and Karnak, the temple of Ramses III has long-since attracted European visitors, as such, information pertaining to Mad\u012bnat H\u0101b\u016b has been recorded since at least the early 17th century. A brief overview of various visitors is offered in Timm (Timm 1984-1992: 1025), while Uvo H\u00f6lscher, in his introduction to the first volume, lists a variety of notable works of relevance, the earliest being those of Johann M. Wansleben (1677), Tourtechot de Granger (1745), and Frederic Ludvig Norden (1757 and 1792), accompanied by that of Wilkinson (1835: 41-76) and several others (H\u00f6lscher 1931: 1-2). The first \u201cuseful\u201d ground plan was that of Richard Lepsius, who also prospected and dug \u201chere and there\u201d (H\u00f6lscher 1931: 1). In 1859, a certain M. Bonnefoy of the Service de conservation des monuments de l\u2019\u00c9gypte began work at the site, though exactly what this entailed is not clear. After his death, work continued from 1860 until 1863 under the direction of M. Gabet until funds were depleted. The work was again picked up, this time by Georges Daressy, who apparently saw the work through to completion between 1888 to 1898\/9. It is during this block of work that the basilical church was removed, in addition to several other areas being totally cleared down to the Ramesside level (e.g., Daressy 1926: 9-10). Very little information was published concerning this work, though there are several brief articles dedicated to individual finds (e.g., Daressy 1898: 74-76, 81-85, and 113-120; id 1899: 30-39; id 1900: 144-146; id 1908: 66-68; id 1911: 49-63; id 1920: 173), with a summary published once fieldwork had been completed (Daressy 1897). In 1909, Uvo H\u00f6lscher conducted a study of the Eastern Fortified Gate in preparation for a volume concerning the site, the publication of which instigated further digs at the behest of Gaston Maspero (H\u00f6lscher 1910). Consequently, excavations were conducted within the boundaries of Mad\u012bnat H\u0101b\u016b in 1912 under the direction of Theodore M. Davis, which seems to have continued only until 1913. As with the work at the end of the 19th century, this resulted in the removal of a large amount of material down to the Ramesside level with little record of the work conducted. This was followed by an expedition dedicated to epigraphic recording conducted by the Chicago Oriental Institute under the direction of Harold H. Nelson. After a preliminary survey of the existing buildings in 1927 by H\u00f6lscher, concession of the site was granted to the Institute resulting in the establishment of a team comprising the previously mentioned Epigraphic Section directed by Nelson and an Architectural Section directed by H\u00f6lscher, the former acting as field director for the whole project. This led to six seasons of work conducted between 1927 and 1933 and five publications dedicated to the excavation.",
                "bibliography": "\u2022 de Bock, W. 1901.\u00a0Mat\u00e9riaux pour servir \u00e0 I'arch\u00e9ologie de I'Egypte chr\u00e9tienne, 85 n. 29. Saint Petersberg: Eug\u00e9ne Thiele.\u2022 Crum, W. E. and G. Steindorff. 1912. Koptische Rechtsurkunden des Achten Jahrhunderts aus Djeme (Theben). I. Band: Texte und Indices von W. E. Crum. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrich.\u2022 Daressy, G. 1897. Notice explicatives des ruines de M\u00e9dinet Habou. Cairo: Service des antiquit\u00e9s de l\u2019\u00c9gypte.\u2022 Daressy, G. 1898. \u201cListes g\u00e9ographiques de M\u00e9dinet-Habou.\u201d Recueil de travaux relatifs \u00e0 le philologie et \u00e0 l\u2019arch\u00e9ologie \u00e9gyptienne et assyriennes 20: 113-120.\u2022 Daressy, G. 1899. \u201cListes g\u00e9ographiques de M\u00e9dinet-Habou.\u201d Recueil de travaux relatifs \u00e0 le philologie et \u00e0 l\u2019arch\u00e9ologie \u00e9gyptienne et assyriennes 21: 30-39.\u2022 Daressy, G. 1900. \u201cComment fut introduit le naos du petit temple de Medinet-Habou.\u201d Recueil de travaux relatifs \u00e0 le philologie et \u00e0 l\u2019arch\u00e9ologie \u00e9gyptienne et assyriennes 22: 144-146.\u2022 Daressy, G. 1908. \u201cUne nouvelle forme d\u2019Amon. Annales du services des antiquit\u00e9s de l\u2019\u00c9gypte 9: 66-68.\u2022 Daressy, G. 1911. \u201cPlaquettes \u00e9maill\u00e9es de M\u00e9dinet-Habou.\u201d Annales du services des antiquit\u00e9s de l\u2019\u00c9gypte 11: 49-63.\u2022 Daressy, G. 1920. \u201cNotes sur Louxor de la p\u00e9riode romaine et copte.\u201d Annales du service des antiquit\u00e9s de l\u2019\u00c9gypte 19: 159-175.\u2022 Daressy, G. 1926. \u201cLe voyage d\u2019inspection de M. Gr\u00e9baut en 1889.\u201d Annales du service des antiquit\u00e9s de l\u2019\u00c9gypte 26: 1-22.\u2022 Edgerton, W. F. 1937. Medinet Habu Graffiti Facsimiles. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.\u2022 Grossmann, P. 1991. \u201cMedinet Habu.\u201d In The Coptic Encyclopedia, vol. 5, edited by S. S. Attiya, 1496-1497. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.\u2022 Grossmann, P. 2002. Christliche Architektur in \u00c4gypten, 455-457. Leiden: Brill.\u2022 H\u00f6lscher, U. 1910. Das Hohe Tor von Medinet Habu. Eine baugeschichtliche Untersuchung. Leipzig: Otto Zeller.\u2022 H\u00f6lscher, U. 1931. Medinet Habu Reports. I: The Epigraphic Survey 1928-31. II: The Architectural Survey 1929\/30. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.\u2022 H\u00f6lscher, U. 1934. The Excavation of Medinet Habu \u2013 Volume I. General Plans and Views. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.\u2022 H\u00f6lscher, U. 1939. The Excavation of Medinet Habu \u2013 Volume II. The Temples of the Eighteenth Dynasty. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.\u2022 H\u00f6lscher, U. 1941. The Excavation of Medinet Habu \u2013 Volume III. The Mortuary Temple of Ramses III, Part I. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.\u2022 H\u00f6lscher, U. 1951. The Excavation of Medinet Habu \u2013 Volume IV. The Mortuary Temple of Ramses III, Part II. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.\u2022 H\u00f6lscher, U. 1954. The Excavation of Medinet Habu \u2013 Volume V. Post Ramessid Remains. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.\u2022 Stefanski, E. And M. Lichtheim. 1952. Coptic Ostraca from Medinet Habu. Chicago: The University of Chicago Oriental Publications.\u2022 Till, W. 1938. \u201cKoptische Schutzbriefe, miteinem rechtsgeschichtlichen Beitragvon H. Liebesny.\u201d Mitteilungen des deutschen arch\u00e4ologischen Instituts Kairo 8: 71-146.\u2022 Timm, S. ed. 1984-1992. Das Christliche-Koptische \u00c4gypten in Arabischer Zeit: Eine Sammlung Christlicher St\u00e4tten in \u00c4gypten in Arabischer Zeit unter Ausschyss von Alexandria, Kairo, des Apa-Mena-Klosters (Der Abu Mina), der Sketis (Wadi n-Natrun) und der Sinai-Region. Vol. 3, 1012-1034 (Gabal \u0160\u0101ma). Weisbaden: Dr Ludwig Reichert.\u2022 Wilber, D. N. 1940. \u201cThe Coptic Frescoes of Saint Menas at Medinet Habu.\u201d The Art Bulletin 22, 2: 86-103.\u2022 Wilkinson, J. G. 1835. Topography of Thebes, and General View of Egypt, 41-76. London: John Murray.",
                "external_links": [],
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "author": "Victor Ghica",
                        "year": "2021"
                    },
                    {
                        "author": "Rhiannon Williams",
                        "year": "2023"
                    }
                ]
            }
        }
    ]
}