{
    "type": "FeatureCollection",
    "name": "site",
    "crs": {
        "type": "name",
        "properties": {
            "name": "EPSG:4326"
        }
    },
    "features": [
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
                    29.662742,
                    30.841158
                ]
            },
            "properties": {
                "id": 49,
                "site_uri": "https:\/\/4care-skos.mf.no\/site\/49",
                "modern_name": "Dayr Ab\u016b M\u012bn\u0101",
                "ancient_name": "",
                "typology": "pilgrimage centre",
                "date_from": 390,
                "date_to": 1100,
                "dating_criteria": "",
                "place_names": [
                    {
                        "language": "Arabic",
                        "pl_name": "\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627 "
                    },
                    {
                        "language": "English",
                        "pl_name": "Abu Mena | Deir Abu Mina"
                    },
                    {
                        "language": "French",
                        "pl_name": "Abou Mena | Abou Mina | Abu Mena | Abu Mina"
                    }
                ],
                "trismegistos_uri": "https:\/\/www.trismegistos.org\/place\/2711",
                "pleiades_uri": "https:\/\/pleiades.stoa.org\/places\/727105",
                "paths_uri": "https:\/\/atlas.paths-erc.eu\/places\/116",
                "description": "Dayr Ab\u016b M\u012bn\u0101, perhaps better known simply as \u2018Ab\u016b M\u012bn\u0101\u2019 (the ancient name of which is not known), is an extensive Late Antique pilgrimage site, the very earliest phases of which dates from the late fourth century (Grossmann 1998b: 282). Parts of the site were destroyed during the Persian occupation, with certain features repaired after their departure during a brief period of resurgence, which was then disrupted by the Arab invasion (Grossmann 1998b: 297-298; Ko\u015bciuk 2003). Occupation extended up until the 12th century, at which point it was completely abandoned in response to the decline in pilgrimage-related activity (which was the reason for the town\u02bcs existence in the first place) (Grossmann 1998b: 281; Ko\u015bciuk 2003: 45). The site is situated c. 45km south-west of Alexandria, accessed via a pilgrimage route extending from the shore of lake Mareotis, which runs through the town and leads directly to the Great Basilica and associated \u2018pilgrim court\u2019 (Grossman et al. 1991: 465). The site includes at least five churches, in addition to features intended to accommodate pilgrims (i.e., baths, rest-houses etc.) as well as residential and industrial areas, the later, namely comprising wine and ceramic production (including the famous pilgrim flasks), was clearly intended for exportation given the production capacity which would have far exceeded the needs of the local community (Grossmann 1998b: 298-299). Around the middle of the 13th century, the supposed relics of the saint were found by Bedouins, and then transferred to the church of St. Menas in Cairo in the mid-14th century (Grossmann 1998: 298).\r\nThe Small Basilicai. \u2018Crypt Church 1\u2019This is the oldest church building identified in the area around the pilgrimage complex, understood to have been constructed in the first half of the fifth century (Grossmann 1998b: 283; id 2002: 212). The church developed out of a triple armed hypogeum in which the saint was interred, dating to the fourth century (Grossmann et al. 1982: 137, fig. 4; Grossmann 1998b: 282; id 2002: 401, fig. 16). The church underwent many modifications, and with each of these modifications, the crypt, and access to the crypt, were altered. First originally situated outside of the church, and thus only accessible from the outside via a vertical shaft, the \u2018eastern extension\u2019 was added, thus incorporating the entrance to the shaft into the church building (Grossmann 2002: 401-402). The increasing number of pilgrims led to further modifications of the church, including the addition of two further side aisles, transforming the structure into a five aisled basilica in the mid-fifth century (Grossman et al. 1982: 132, fig. 3; Grossmann 2002: 402). A baptistery was added to the western end of the church around the second half of the fifth century, which too saw many modifications to accommodate increasing numbers of visitors (Grossmann 1998b: 283). There are a few unique features of this church concentrated around the altar, though details concerning their archaeological dating and stratigraphic context are unclear. The first of these is a marble slab, discovered in spring 1979 under the floor of the presbytery, likely originally having functioned as a table-top, which was then used as the base for the masonry altar (Grossmann et al. 1982: 150). The piece bears a dedicatory Greek inscription which mentions Bishop Peter II, who held the bishopric of Alexandria in 373-378. Though the piece provides an internal fourth century date, it was incorporated into the church in the late fifth century (Grossmann et al. 1984: 126-127). Underneath this slab was c. 1m long pit, oriented east-west, extending 65cm to the west beyond the edge of the marble slab, which perhaps housed relics (Grossmann et al. 1984: 130). In the floor of this pit was situated an opus sectile (in-situ), containing a myrtle wreath fitted into a square field, in the middle of which is a staurogram (Grossmann et al. 1982: 150-151, pl. 18a; Grossmann et al. 1984: 127-128. See also Artefacts). The above-mentioned marble slab extended to the east of this pit and contained a hole, below which was a large alabaster vase into which oil could be poured. This was then retrieved, sanctified after having been in close proximity to the saint\u2019s relics, and distributed to believers (Grossmann et al. 1984: 128-131; Grossmann 1998b: 283; id 2002: 402). Each of these features belong to the late fifth century (coinciding with the expansion of the church into the five-aisled basilica), while the in-situ alabaster vessel, which is not the original vessel, is understood to belong to the late 6th (Grossmann et al. 1984: 129; Grossmann 2002: 402). The last extension of this earliest phase comprised the construction of the large basilica which will be discussed below (Grossmann 1998b: 283).\r\nii. Crypt Church 2 (Justinian Conch-Church)The crypt church was then transformed under Justinian into a double shell tetraconch church, the eastern conch acting as the apse (Grossmann 1998b: 284-285; id 2002: 403, fig. 18). The remaining space between this modified church and the Great Basilica was filled with a sort of narthex, including two smaller lateral conches at the narrower northern and southern ends, which opened to the east into the Great Basilica, thus combining the two (Grossmann 1998b: 285-286). The modification of the crypt in this phase saw the construction of two large stairways, one intended for descending and one for ascending, accommodating for the large quantity of pilgrims wishing to visit the saint\u2019s relics (Grossmann 1998b: 286). Belonging to this phase also was the transformation of the surrounding area into the large pilgrimage center (Grossmann 1998b: 286).\r\niii. Crypt Church 3 (Late Five-Aisled Basilica) This final phase occurred after the destruction of the structure caused by the Persian occupation in the early seventh century (Grossmann 2002: 404, fig. 19). This latest phase is understood to date to the eighth century, and to have occurred under the auspices of the Coptic Patriarch Michael I (Grossmann 1998b: 297; id 2002: 404).\r\nGreat Basilica This additional church developed as the last extension of the earliest phase of the small basilica (crypt church 1) (Grossmann 2002: fig. 17). The nave is more than 14m wide, thus making it the largest Late Antique church in Egypt, and these impressive dimensions have translated into this structure being the central focus of much of the archaeological work conducted at the site (Grossman and Ko\u015bciuk 1992: 31). H. Schl\u00e4ger, who directed excavations of the structure from 1961 to 1963 (after initially excavated by Kaufmann at the beginning of the 20th century), observed two chief phases of construction: Phase I, a single-nave transept dated to the last quarter of the fifth century, which, in Phase II, was transformed into a three-nave transept at the end of the fifth\/beginning of the sixth century (Schl\u00e4ger 1965: 124; Grossmann et al. 1984: 134, 150; Grossmann and Ko\u015bciuk 1992: 32; Grossmann 2002: 405-407, fig. 17). A burial chamber was identified beneath the apse of this church understood to have housed the interments of meritorious clerics who conducted service in the church (Kaufmann 1910: 87; Grossmann 1998b: 283; id 2002: 408). To the south of the Great Basilica is a partially walled district, the only access to which was via the Great Basilica. The area was thus seemingly reserved for use by managerial figures as perhaps the centre of the ecclesiastic administration. The area includes a three-aisled chapel constructed upon the remnants of an earlier single-aisle chapel (Grossmann et al. 1991: 479-480, fig. 20; Grossman and Ko\u015bciuk 1992: 36-37; Grossmann 1998b: 290-291). This structure is understood to date from the second half of the sixth century, being abandoned at the end of the seventh (Grossmann et al. 1991: 483). The private nature of the structure is further exemplified by the presence of a crypt that included six burials, two of which were children, likely indicating a familial chapel (Grossmann et al. 1991: 482, fig. 24, 25). To the east of the Great Basilica, the remains of earlier structures (pre-dating the construction of the church) were identified, the earliest belonging to the fourth century, alongside numerous burials dating from the sixth and seventh centuries (Grossman and Ko\u015bciuk 1991: 65).\r\n\u2018Southern Hemicyclium\u2019Adjoining the southern side of the Crypt Church (and also the south-west corner of the Great Basilica) is the \u2018southern hemicyclium\u2019, a semi-circular, two-storied structure, believed to have accommodated pilgrims who were seeking healing, with each of the rooms situated an equal distance away from the tomb of St. Menas, thus allowing equal opportunities of healing through proximity to the saint\u2019s relics (possibly a place for incubation) (Grossmann et al. 1984: 134-137, fig. 4). Included here are two rooms with latrines, one understood to have been reserved for men and the other for women (Grossmann et al. 1991: 473-475; Grossmann 1998b: 288).\r\nEastern ChurchSituated 1.5km from the eastern margin of the town, the date of this church has not been securely determined, though it is considered older than the Justinian conch church given that the ground plan is a clear copy of the latter,\u00a0 and possibly belongs to the end of the fifth\/beginning of the sixth century (Grossman and Jaritz 1980: 222-224, fig. 8). Erected upon the site of an earlier, smaller basilica, the church includes a baptistery and latrines, and is believed to have been the spiritual center of a monastic community, the remnants of which surround the church (Grossmann 1998b: 296;\u00a0 id 2002: 489-491; Grossmann and Ko\u015bciuk 2001: 102, fig. 4). A forthcoming article authored by P. Grossmann dedicated to this monastic community, which is considered independent from the settlement of Dayr Ab\u016b M\u012bn\u0101, is awaiting publication. The structure is bordered to the north and south by courts, the former paved with limestone slabs (Grossmann and Ko\u015bciuk 2001: 100). This northern court also includes many mosaic tesserae leading to the assumption that another small building in the area was perhaps the mausoleum of the founder of the laura. Only very few burials were found in this area, however, seemingly belonging to the Islamic period (Grossmann and Ko\u015bciuk 2001: 101). The anchoritic nature of the settlement, or at least the reality that the church did not belong to an urban community, is exemplified by the unusual placement of a granary immediately to the west of the church, a strange feature that can also be seen at the monastery of Apa Shenouda near Sohag (Grossmann and Ko\u015bciuk 2001: 102, 105).\r\nNorth Basilica Like the Eastern Church, this structure is situated outside the perimeter of the pilgrimage center, nearby the northern road. Dated to the sixth century based on ceramic, the remarkably balanced proportions of the structure have led to the understanding that its construction was the responsibility of the Alexandrian patriarchate. Additionally, its location outside of the town perimeter, and thus its presumed exclusion, or detachment, from the official pilgrimage activities (led by the ruling Chalcedonian Church), have led to the understanding that it was a Monophysite church (Grossmann 1998b: 295; id 2002: 409-411). This structure was destroyed during the Persian occupation and was not re-built.\r\nMisc.Contemporaneous with the construction of the earliest phase of the crypt church was the construction of a small bathing facility, which was then later transformed into a large double bath, with an additional bath located to the north, outside of the ecclesiastical district (Grossmann 1998b: 292; id 2002: 213-214). The pilgrimage center developed in the mid-sixth century, with three areas dedicated to accommodation: the main xenodochia considered to have housed wealthy visitors, bordering the northern side of the \u2018pilgrim court\u2019 (opposite the churches), additional buildings to the north of this, including the \u2018Peristyle House\u2019 (Grossmann 2002: fig. 24) which was considered to have housed pilgrims of lower social standing, where individuals were simply protected from the elements though not housed in individual rooms, and the southern hemicyclium mentioned above (Grossmann et al. 1995: 400; Grossmann 1998b: 287; id 2002: 213-214). The entire ecclesiastical precinct, which also included shops, was enclosed by a narrow wall (peribolos) (Grossmann 1998b: 292, 287).\r\nPrior to the development of the pilgrim industry, the region originally functioned as a cemetery (at least the area to the south of the pilgrimage complex), hence the saint\u2019s burial here, with small statuettes of monkeys and miniature stelae of the god Horus-Harpocrates discovered by Kaufmann indicating the earlier, non-Christian nature of the region (Kauffmann 1910: 71; Grossmann 1998b: 282, 293). Additionally, numerous earlier hypogea have been found, further proving that at least the central area was originally a necropolis (Grossmann et al. 1998: 43). Once the area became a renowned pilgrimage location, it seems that wealthy Alexandrian families continued to use the area as a burial ground, due to proximity to the saint, with numerous residential buildings including chapels which incorporated undergound burial chambers; one of these chapels even included a baptistery (Grossmann 1998b: 293; id 2002: 214-215, 333-334, fig. 26).",
                "archaeological_research": "Given the size, state of preservation and importance of the site for early Christian studies, Dayr Ab\u016b M\u012bn\u0101 has seen extensive archaeological investigation. The first work was directed by C.-M. Kaufmann in the early 20th century, between 1905 and 1907. This was followed by the rather sporadic fieldwork of several teams who conducted both excavations and surveys in the early to mid-20th century. The first among these was the Greco-Roman Museum in Alexandria between 1925 and 1929, followed by F. W. Deichmann in 1934 (Deichmann 1937), J. B. Ward Perkins in 1942 (Ward-Perkins 1949), and the Coptic Museum in Cairo in 1951 and 1952 (Labib 1951-1952). Between 1961 and 1974, the site was excavated under the joint direction of the Deutsches Arch\u00e4ologisches Institut Kairo and the Franz Joseph D\u00f6lger Institut Bonn. This work was interrupted when the area was transformed into a military zone between 1969 and 1975. From 1975 onwards, archaeological work has been under the direction of P. Grossmann, again for the Deutsches Arch\u00e4ologisches Institut Kairo (Litinas 2008: ix). In 2001, the site was added to the list of World Heritage in Danger list due to the rising water tables, a fact already noted during excavations (i.e., Grossman et al. 1998: 56).",
                "bibliography": "\u2022 Abd el-Aziz Negm, M. 1993. \u201cRecent Discoveries at Ab\u00fb M\u00een\u00e2.\u201d Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019arch\u00e9ologie Copte 32: 129-137.\u2022 Abd el-Aziz Negm, M. 1998b. \u201cAn Ancient Village Discovered Near Abu-Mina (5th-6th cent. A.D.).\u201d In L\u2019Egitto in Italia dall\u2019antichit\u00e0 al medioevo: atti del 3. Congresso internazional italo-egiziano, Roma, CNR-Pompei, 13-19 novembre 1995, edited by N. Bonacasa, M. C. Caro, E. C. Rortale and A. Tullio, 307\u2013312. Rome: Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche.\u2022 Abd\u2019al-Aziz, M. and J. Ko\u015bciuk. 1990. \u201cThe Private Roman Bath Found Nearby Ab\u00fb M\u00een\u00e2 (Egypt).\u201d In Akten des XIII. Internationalen Kongresses f\u00fcr Klassische Arch\u00e4ologie, Berlin 1988, 442-445. Mainz am Rhein: P. von Zabern.\u2022 Brenk, B. 1995. \u201cDer Kultort, seine Zug\u00e4nglichkeit und seine Besucher.\u201d In Akten des XII. Internationalen Kongresses fu\u0308r Christliche Arch\u00e4ologie, Bonn 22.\u201328. September 1991, Mu\u0308nster 1995, vol. I, edited by E. Dassmann and J. Engemann, 69\u2013122. M\u00fcnster: Aschendorffsche Verlagsbuchhandlung.\u2022 Castelfranchi, M. F. 1995. \u201cBattisteri e pellegrinaggi.\u201d In Akten des XII. Internationalen Kongresses fu\u0308r Christliche Arch\u00e4ologie, Bonn 22.\u201328. September 1991, Mu\u0308nster 1995, vol. I, edited by E. Dassmann and J. Engemann, 234\u2013248. M\u00fcnster: Aschendorffsche Verlagsbuchhandlung.\u2022 Deichmann, F. W. 1937. \u201cZu den Bauten der Menas-Stadt.\u201d Arch\u00e4ologischer Anzeiger 1937: 75-86. \u2022 Engemann, J. 1987. \u201cElfenbeinfunde aus Abu Mena\/\u00c4gypten.\u201d Jahrbuch f\u00fcr Antike und Christentum 30: 172-186.\u2022 Engemann, J. 1989. \u201cDas Ende der Wallfahrten nach Ab\u00fb M\u00een\u00e2 und die Datierung fr\u00fcher islamischer glasierter Keramik in \u00c4gypten.\u201d Jahrbuch f\u00fcr Antike und Christentum 32: 161-117.\u2022 Engemann, J. 1998. \u201cEin Tischfu\u00df mit Dionysos-Satyr-Darstellung aus Abu Mina\/\u00c4gypten.\u201d Jahrbuch f\u00fcr Antike und Christentum 41: 169\u2013177.\u2022 Falls, J. C. E. 1913. Three Years in the Libyan Desert: Travels, Discoveries, and Excavations of the Menas Expedition (Kaufmann Expedition). London: T. F. Unwin.\u2022 Grossmann, P. 1973. \u201cAbu Mena. Grabungen von 1961 bis 1969.\u201d Annales du service des antiquit\u00e9s d\u2019\u00c9gypte 61: 37-48.\u2022 Grossmann, P. 1977. \u201cAbu Mena. Achter vorl\u00e4ufiger Bericht. Kampagnen 1975 und 1976.\u201d Mitteilungen des deutschen arch\u00e4ologischen Instituts. Abteilung Kairo 33: 35-45.\u2022 Grossmann, P. 1981. \u201cRecenti risultati dagli scavi di Abu Mina.\u201d Corsi di Cultura e Arte Ravennate e Bizantina 28: 125.\u2022 Grossmann, P. 1982. \u201cAbu Mina. Zehnter vorl\u00e4ufiger Bericht. Kampagnen 1980 und 1981.\u201d Mitteilungen des deutschen arch\u00e4ologischen Instituts. Abteilung Kairo 38: 131-154.\u2022 Grossmann, P. 1983a. \u201cThe \u201eGruftkirche\u201c of Abu Mina During the Fifth Century A.D.\u201d Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019arch\u00e9ologie Copte 25: 67\u201371\u2022 Grossmann, P. 1983b. \u201cAbu Mina.\u201dG\u00f6ttinger Miszellen 69: 83-88.\u2022 Grossmann, P. 1983c. Report on the Excavation in Abu Mina. (April-May 1981).\u201d Annales du service des antiquit\u00e9s de l\u2019\u00c9gypte 69: 81-86.\u2022 Grossmann, P. 1984. \u201cNeue Funde aus dem Gebiet von Abu Mina.\u201d In Actes du Xe Congr\u00e8s International d\u2019Arch\u00e9ologie Chr\u00e9tienne. Thessalonique Sept.-Oct. 1980, vol. 2, 141-151. Citt\u00e0 del Vaticano: Pontificio istituto di archeologia Cristiana.\u2022 Grossmann, P. 1986. Ab\u00fb M\u00een\u00e2. A Guide to the Ancient Pilgrimage Center. Cairo: Fotiadis & co. Press.\u2022 Grossmann, P. 1989. Ab\u00fb M\u00een\u00e2 I. Die Gruftkirche und die Gruft. Mainz am Rhein: P. von Zabern.\u2022 Grossmann, P. 1991. \u201cAbu Mina, 12. Vorl\u00e4ufiger Bericht.\u201d Arch\u00e4ologischer Anzeiger 1991: 457-486.\u00a0\u2022 Grossmann, P. 1995a. \u201cReport on the Excavation at Ab\u00fb M\u012bn\u00e2 in Spring 1994.\u201d Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019arch\u00e9ologie Copte 34: 149-159.\u2022 Grossmann, P. 1995b. \u201cAbu Mena, 13. Vorl\u00e4ufiger Bericht.\u201d Arch\u00e4ologischer Anzeiger 1995: 389-423.\u2022 Grossmann, P. 1995c. \u201cNeue Funde aus Abu Mina.\u201d In Akten des XII. Internationalen Kongresses fu\u0308r Christliche Arch\u00e4ologie. Bonn 22.\u201328. September 1991, vol. 2, edited by E. Dassmann and J. Engemann, 825-832. M\u00fcnster: Aschendorffsche Verlagsbuchhandlung.\u2022 Grossmann, P. 1998a. \u201cAb\u00fb M\u00een\u00e2.\u201d In \u00c4gypten in sp\u00e4tantik-christlicher Zeit. Einfu\u0308hrung in die koptische Kultur, edited by M. Krause, 269\u2013293. Wiesbaden: Heinrich Bacht.\u2022 Grossmann, P. 1998b. \u201cThe Pilgrimage Center of Ab\u00fb M\u00een\u00e2.\u201d In Pilgrimage and Holy Space in Late Antique Egypt, edited by D. Frankfurter, 281-302. Leiden, Boston, K\u00f6ln: Brill.\u2022 Grossmann, P. 1999a. \u201cReport on the Excavation at Ab\u00fb M\u012bn\u00e2 in Spring 1997.\u201d Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019arch\u00e9ologie Copte 38: 65-73.\u2022 Grossmann, P. 1999b. \u201cReport on the Excavation at Ab\u00fb M\u012bn\u00e2 in Spring 1998.\u201d Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019arch\u00e9ologie Copte 38: 75-84.\u2022 Grossmann, P. 1999c. \u201cAb\u00fb M\u00een\u00e2. Eine der letzten St\u00e4dtegr\u00fcndungen der Antike.\u201d In Stadt und Umland. Neue Ergebnisse der arch\u00e4ologischen Bau- und Siedlungsforschung. Bauforschungskolloquium in Berlin vom 7. Bis 10. Mai 1997 veranstaltet com Architektur-Referat des DAI, edited by E.-L. Schwander and K. Rheidt, 287-293. Mainz: P. von Zabern.\u2022 Grossmann, P. 2002. Christliche Architektur in \u00c4gypten, 141, 210-216, 333-337, 401-412, 489-491. Leiden: Brill.\u2022 Grossmann, P. 2004. Abu Mina II. Das Baptisterium. Mainz am Rhein: P. von Zabern.\u2022 Grossmann, P., F. Arnold and J. Ko\u015bciuk. 1997. \u201cReport on the Excavation at Abu Mina in Spring 1995.\u201d Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019arch\u00e9ologie Copte 36: 83-98.\u2022 Grossmann, P., F. Arnold and J. Ko\u015bciuk. 1998. \u201cReport on the Excavation at Ab\u00fb M\u012bn\u00e2 in Spring 1996.\u201d In Actes du Symposium des fouilles Copte, Le Caire 7-9 Novembre 1996, 43-56. Cairo: Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019arch\u00e9ologie copte.\u2022 Grossmann, P. W. H\u00f6lze, H. Jaritz and J. Ko\u015bciuk.\u00a0 1991. \u201cAb\u016b M\u012bna. Zw\u00f6lfter vorl\u00e4ufiger Bericht. Kampagnen 1984 \u2013 1986.\u201d Arch\u00e4ologischer Anzeiger 1991, 457-486.\u2022 Grossmann, P., W. H\u00f6lze, H. Jaritz and J. Ko\u015bciuk. 1995. \u201cAb\u016b M\u012bna. Dreizehnter vorl\u00e4ufiger Bericht. Kampagnen 1987 \u2013 1989.\u201d Arch\u00e4ologischer Anzeiger 1995, 389-423.\u2022 Grossmann, P. and H. Jaritz. 1980. \u201cAbu Mena. Neunter vorl\u00e4ufiger Bericht. Kampagnen 1977, 1978 und 1979.\u201d Mitteilungen des deutschen arch\u00e4ologischen Instituts. Abteilung Kairo 36: 204-227.\u2022 Grossmann, P., H. Jaritz and C. R\u00f6mer. 1982. \u201cAb\u016b M\u012bna. Zehnter vorl\u00e4ufiger Bericht. Kampagnen 1980 und 1981.\u201d Mitteilungen des deutschen arch\u00e4ologischen Instituts. Abteilung Kairo 38: 131-154.\u2022 Grossmann, P. and J. Ko\u015bciuk. 1991. \u201cReport on the Excavation at Ab\u016b M\u012bna in Autumn 1989.\u201d Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019arch\u00e9ologie Copte 30: 65-75.\u2022 Grossmann, P. and J. Ko\u015bciuk. 1992. \u201cReport on the Excavations at Ab\u016b M\u012bna in Autumn 1990.\u201d Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019arch\u00e9ologie Copte 31: 31-41.\u2022 Grossmann, P. and J. Ko\u015bciuk. 1993. \u201cReport on the Excavation at Ab\u016b M\u012bna in Autumn 1991.\u201d Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019arch\u00e9ologie Copte 32: 73-84.\u2022 Grossmann, P. and J. Ko\u015bciuk. 2001. \u201cReport on the Excavation at Ab\u016b M\u012bna in Spring 2000.\u201d Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019arch\u00e9ologie Copte 40: 97-108.\u2022 Grossmann, P., J. Ko\u015bciuk and M. Abdal Aziz. 1994. \u201cReport on the Excavation at Ab\u016b M\u012bna in Spring 1993.\u201d Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019arch\u00e9ologie Copte 33: 91-104.\u2022 Grossmann, P., J. Ko\u015bciuk and H.-G. Severin. 1984. \u201cAb\u016b M\u012bna. Elfter vorl\u00e4ufiger Bericht. Kampagnen 1982 und 1983.\u201d Mitteilungen des deutschen arch\u00e4ologischen Instituts. Abteilung Kairo 40: 123-151.\u2022 Grossmann, P., M. Meinecke and H. Jaritz. 1970. \u201cAbu Mena. Siebenter vorl\u00e4ufiger Bericht.\u201d Mitteilungen des deutschen arch\u00e4ologischen Instituts. Abteilung Kairo 26: 55-82.\u2022 Grossmann, P. and I. Stollmayer. 2000. \u201cReport on the Excavation at Ab\u016b M\u012bn\u0101 in Spring 1999.\u201d Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019arch\u00e9ologie Copte 39: 103-117.\u2022 Hans-Christoph, N. 1991. \u201cDer sp\u00e4tr\u00f6mische Mu\u0308nzschatz aus der Gruftkirche von Abu Mina.\u201d In Tesserae. Festschrift fu\u0308r Josef Engemann, edited by E. Dassmann and K. Thraede, 278\u2013290. Mu\u0308nster: Aschendorffsche Verlagsbuchhandlung.\u2022 Kaufmann, C. M. 1908b. La d\u00e9couverte des sanctuaires de M\u00e9nas dans le d\u00e9sert de Mar\u00e9otis. Rapports sur les fouilles ex\u00e9cut\u00e9es par C. M. Kaufmann et I. C. E. Falls dans le sanctuaire national des anciens chr\u00e9tiens d\u2019\u00c9gypte. Alexandria: Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de publications \u00c9gyptiennes.\u2022 Kaufmann, C. M. 1909. Der Menastempel und die Heiligtu\u0308mer vom Karm Abu Mena in der Mareotiswu\u0308ste. 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Vorl\u00e4ufiger Bericht.\u201d Mitteilungen des deutschen arch\u00e4ologischen Instituts. Abteilung Kairo 21: 171-187.\u2022 M\u00fcller-Wiener, W., J. Engemann and F. Traut. 1967. \u201cAbu Mena. 5. Vorl\u00e4ufiger Bericht.\u201d Mitteilungen des deutschen arch\u00e4ologischen Instituts. Abteilung Kairo 22: 206-224.\u2022 M\u00fcller-Wiener, W. 1967. \u201cAbu Mena. 6. Vorl\u00e4ufiger Bericht.\u201d Arch\u00e4ologischer Anzeiger 1967: 457-480.\u2022 Prinz, F. 1995. \u201cHagiographische Texte u\u0308ber Kult- und Wallfahrtsorte.\u201d In Akten des XII. Internationalen Kongresses fu\u0308r Christliche Arch\u00e4ologie, Bonn 22.\u201328. September 1991, Mu\u0308nster 1995, vol. I, edited by E. Dassmann and J. Engemann, 310-328. M\u00fcnster: Aschendorffsche Verlagsbuchhandlung.\u2022 Reekmans, L. 1980. \u201cSiedlungsbildung bei sp\u00e4tantiken Wallfahrtsst\u00e4atten.\u201d In Pietas, Festschrift f\u00fcr Bernhard K\u00f6tting, edited by E. Dassmann and K. S. Frank, 325-355. M\u00fcnster: Aschendorff.\u2022 Rodziewicz, R. 2003. \u201cPhiloxenite: Pilgrimage Harbour of Abu Mina.\u201d Bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019arch\u00e9ologique \u00e0 Alexandrie\u00a047: 27\u201347.\u2022 Schl\u00e4ger, H. 1963. \u201cAbu Mena, erster vorl\u00e4ufiger Bericht.\u201d Mitteilungen des deutschen arch\u00e4ologischen Instituts. Abteilung Kairo 19: 114-120.\u2022 Schl\u00e4ger, H. 1964. \u201cDie neueren Grabungen in Abu Mena.\u201d In Christentum am Nil. Internationale Arbeitstagung zur Ausstellung \u201cKoptische Kunst\u201d, Essen, Villa H\u00fcgel, 23-25- Juli 1963, edited by K. Wessel, 158\u2013174. Recklinghausen: Aurel Bongers.\u2022 Schl\u00e4ger, H. 1965. \u201cAbu Mena, zweiter vorl\u00e4ufiger Bericht.\u201d Mitteilungen des deutschen arch\u00e4ologischen Instituts. Abteilung Kairo 20: 122-125.\u2022\u00a0Timm, S. (ed.) 1984-1992. Das Christliche-Koptische \u00c4gypten in Arabischer Zeit: Eine Sammlung Christicher St\u00e4tten in \u00c4gypten in Arabischer Zeit unter Ausschyss von Alexandria, Kairo, des Apa-Mena-Klosters (Der Abu Mina), der Sketis (Wadi n-Natrun) und der Sinai-Region. Vol. 3, 1267. Weisbaden: Dr Ludwig Reichert.\u2022 Ward Perkins, J. B. 1949. \u201cThe Shrine of St. Menas in the Mary\u00fbt.\u201d Papers of the British School in Rome 17: 26-71.\u2022 Wortmann, D. 1971. \u201cGriechische Ostraka aus Abu Mena.\u201d Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Papyrologie und Epigraphik 8: 41-69.\r\nFor bibliographies regarding the cult of St. Menas and the pilgrim industry at Dayr Ab\u016b M\u012bn\u0101, see: \u00a0Litinas, N. ed. 2008, p. 324-326.",
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                "authors": [
                    {
                        "author": "Rhiannon Williams",
                        "year": "2021"
                    },
                    {
                        "author": "Victor Ghica",
                        "year": "2021"
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