{
    "type": "FeatureCollection",
    "name": "site",
    "crs": {
        "type": "name",
        "properties": {
            "name": "EPSG:4326"
        }
    },
    "features": [
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
                    28.881454,
                    25.69962
                ]
            },
            "properties": {
                "id": 18,
                "site_uri": "https:\/\/4care-skos.mf.no\/site\/18",
                "modern_name": "Qa\u1e63r al-D\u0101\u1e2bila",
                "ancient_name": "Kastra Trimithe\u014ds",
                "typology": "military camp",
                "date_from": 290,
                "date_to": 1500,
                "dating_criteria": "",
                "place_names": [
                    {
                        "language": "Greek",
                        "pl_name": "\u039a\u1f71\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03a4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u1f77\u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2"
                    },
                    {
                        "language": "Coptic",
                        "pl_name": "pkastron Mprro"
                    },
                    {
                        "language": "Arabic",
                        "pl_name": "\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0629 | \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631"
                    },
                    {
                        "language": "English",
                        "pl_name": "Qasr | el-Qasr"
                    }
                ],
                "trismegistos_uri": "https:\/\/www.trismegistos.org\/place\/4881",
                "pleiades_uri": "https:\/\/pleiades.stoa.org\/places\/776219",
                "paths_uri": "",
                "description": "Qa\u1e63r al-D\u0101\u1e2bila, situated 3.5km north of Am\u1e25ayda (ancient Trimithis), comprises an extensive medieval mud-brick town constructed on top of a Roman castrum, which is in all likelihood the military camp associated with Trimithis, the home base of the ala I Quadorum (Kucera 2013: 310; Ast, Bagnall 2015). In addition to the archaeological remains so-far uncovered, the castrum is attested to by papyrological documents from Kellis, ostraca found during excavations (see O.al-Qasr 4), and is described in the Fatimid period by al-Bakr\u012b, who noted that Qa\u1e63r had a fortress with a well located in its centre (Kucera 2013: 305; Van Leeuwen, Ferré 1992: 660). The etymology of the modern name of qa\u1e63r supports the existence of a Roman military fort in this location. While the mud-brick Islamic buildings limit the access to the castrum, a considerable amount of information can be gleaned from these written documents. The Muslim occupation of the site is understood to span from the tenth through to the fifteenth centuries (Gardner 2012: 471; Kucera 2019: 455).\r\nThe remains of the wall were first identified in 2006, situated under the courtyard and to the east of the old mosque (Leemhuis 2008: 5; Kucera 2013: 305). Remains belonging to the same structure were revealed during the 2007 excavations conducted by the Supreme Council of Antiquities (Leemhuis 2008: 5). The foundation of the wall appears to include a compact filling containing ceramic from the second and third centuries, indicating a late third century date of construction (Leemhuis 2013: 3). During the 2007 excavations by the SCA, a Coptic ostracon (O.al-Qasr 4) was uncovered, which is addressed to the ‘headmen of the imperial fort’ (pkastroN Mprro) (Gardner 2012: 473; Kucera 2013: 305). An initial staurogram and a more basic final cross attest to the Christian affiliation of the writer and perhaps the addressees (Gardner 2012: 471). Based on paleography, the ostracon can be dated to the fourth or fifth centuries, and is rather similar to a number of late fourth century documents from Kellis (Gardner 2012: 471).\r\nThe association with ancient Trimithis, nowadays Am\u1e25ayda, is indicated by a number of elements. As well as the geographical proximity, documents from Am\u1e25ayda mention an associated Roman fort (Ast, Bagnall 2015: 2-3). This is in addition to the a number of decorated stone blocks uncovered at Qa\u1e63r al-D\u0101\u1e2bila, which have been repurposed from the Temple of Thoth at Am\u1e25ayda (Gardner 2012: 471; Leemhuis 2013: 18, 22). Preliminary analysis of diagnostic ceramic from Qa\u1e63r al-D\u0101\u1e2bila indicates third-fifth centuries dates (Kucera 2013: 309). Numerous stratified contexts where ostraca have been found include fourth and fifth century ceramics, supporting the fourth-fifth century date of the aforementioned ostracon (Gardner 2012: 472).",
                "archaeological_research": "The site was first surveyed by the Dakhleh Oasis Project in 1979. The Qasr Dakhla Project was then established in 2002 by the University of Groningen, under the direction of F. Leemhuis, which has conducted excavation and restoration work on the site. A total of 14 seasons have been carried out (excavation, restoration and study) as of 2015 (Leemhuis 2015: 1).",
                "bibliography": "\u2022 Ast, R., R.S. Bagnall. 2015. \u201cNew Evidence for the Roman Garrison of Trimithis.\u201d Tyche 30: 1-4 and pl. 1-3.\u2022 Gardiner, I. 2012. \u201cCoptic Ostraka from Qasr el-Dakhleh.\u201d In The Oasis Papers 6: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference of the Dakhleh Oasis Project, edited by R. S. Bagnall, P. Davoli, C. A. Hope, 471-474. Oxford: Oxbow Books.\u2022 Ghica, Victor. 2012. \u201cPour une histoire du christianisme dans le d\u00e9sert Occidental d\u2019\u00c9gypte.\u201d Journal des savants 2: 242.\u2022\u00a0Ghica, Victor. 2016. \u201cVecteurs de la christianisation de l\u2019\u00c9gypte au IVe si\u00e8cle \u00e0 la lumi\u00e8re des sources arch\u00e9ologiques.\u201d In Acta XVI Congressus Internationalis Archaeologiae Christianae, Rome 22-28.9.2013, edited by Olof Brandt and Gabriele Castiglia, 241. Citt\u00e0 del Vaticano: Pontificio Istituto di Archeologia Cristiana.\u2022 Kucera, P. 2013. \u201cAl-Qasr: The Roman Castrum of Dakhleh Oasis.\u201d In The Oasis Papers 6: Proceedings of the Sixth Conference of the Dakhla Oasis Project, edited by R. Bagnall, P. Davoli and C. Hope, 305-316. Oxford: Oxbow Books.\u2022\u00a0Kucera, P. 2019. \u201cObservations on Some Ceramics and a Stone Vessel from the 2013 Field Season at al-Qasr.\u201d In The Oasis Papers 9: A Tribute to Anthony J. Mills After Forty Years in Dakhleh Oasis, Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference of the Dakhleh Oasis Project, edited by G. E. Bowen and C. A. Hope, 449-458. Oxford: Oxbow Books.\u2022 Leemuis. F. 2008. \u201cThe Dakhleh Oasis Project, the Discoveries and Conservation Work Being Done in the Old Town of Qasr Dakhleh.\u201d Ancient Egypt 8, 4: 44\u201350.\u2022 Leemuis. F. 2012. \u201cThe Qasr Dakhleh Project.\u201d In Colours of the Oasis. Artists and the Archaeology of Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt, edited by O. E. Kaper, 43-53. Leiden: private publication.\u2022 Leemhuis, F., N. Kucera, M. Matkowski and A. Lyzwa-Piber. 2003 \u201cPuin ruimen in al-Qasr met onverwachte gevolgen. Voorlopige resultaten van een 'noodopgraving' in een islamitisch stadje in de Dachla oase.\u201d Tijdschrift voor Mediterrane Archeologie 30: 29\u201337.\u2022\u00a0Leemhuis, F., N. Kucera, M. Matkowski and A. Lyzwa-Piber 2005. Qasr Dakhleh Project. Research and Restoration Season 2005. https:\/\/www.monash.edu\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0017\/2013605\/qdp-report-2005.pdf \u2022\u00a0Leemuis. F., N. Kucera, M. Matkowski and A. Lyzwa-Piber 2007. Qasr Dakhleh Project. Research and Restoration Season 2007. https:\/\/www.monash.edu\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0015\/2013603\/qdp-report-2007.pdf\u2022 Leemuis. F., N. Kucera, M. Matkowski and A. Lyzwa-Piber 2008a. Qasr Dakhleh Project. Research and Restoration Season 2008. https:\/\/www.monash.edu\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0014\/2013602\/qdp-report-2008.pdf\u2022\u00a0Leemuis. F., N. Kucera, M. Matkowski and A. Lyzwa-Piber 2009. Qasr Dakhleh Project. Research and Restoration Season 2009. https:\/\/www.monash.edu\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0013\/2013601\/qdp-report-2009.pdf\u2022\u00a0Leemuis. F., N. Kucera, M. Matkowski and A. Lyzwa-Piber 2010. Qasr Dakhleh Project. Research and Restoration Season 2010. https:\/\/www.monash.edu\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0012\/2013600\/qdp-report-2010.pdf\u2022\u00a0Leemuis. F., N. Kucera, M. Matkowski and A. Lyzwa-Piber 2011. Qasr Dakhleh Project. Research and Restoration Season 2011. https:\/\/www.monash.edu\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0014\/2101622\/QDP-report-2011.pdf\u2022\u00a0Leemuis. F., N. Kucera, M. Matkowski and A. Lyzwa-Piber 2012. Qasr Dakhleh Project. Research and Restoration Season 2012. https:\/\/www.monash.edu\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0013\/2101621\/qdp-report-2012.pdf \u2022\u00a0Leemuis. F., N. Kucera, M. Matkowski and A. Lyzwa-Piber 2013. Qasr Dakhleh Project. Research and Restoration Season 2013. https:\/\/www.monash.edu\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0015\/2101623\/QDP-report-2013.pdf\u2022\u00a0Leemuis. F., N. Kucera, M. Matkowski and A. Lyzwa-Piber 2014. Qasr Dakhleh Project. Research and Excavation Season 2014. https:\/\/www.monash.edu\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0018\/2101626\/qdp-report-2014.pdf\u2022\u00a0Leemuis. F., N. Kucera, M. Matkowski and A. Lyzwa-Piber 2015. Qasr Dakhleh Project. Research and Excavation Season 2015. https:\/\/www.monash.edu\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0017\/2101625\/qdp-report-2015.pdf\u2022 Van Leeuwen, A. P. and A. Ferr\u00e9. 1992. Al-Bakr\u012b. Kit\u0101b al-mas\u0101lik wa-\u2019l-mam\u0101lik. 2 vols. Tunis: Al-d\u0101r al-\u02bfarabiyya li-l-kit\u0101b, Bayt al-\u1e24ikma.",
                "external_links": [
                    {
                        "text": "QDP archaeological excavations",
                        "url": "https:\/\/www.universiteitleiden.nl\/en\/nvic\/research\/archaeology--egyptology\/ongoing-projects\/the-dakhleh-oasis-project\/the-qasr-dakhleh-project"
                    },
                    {
                        "text": "DOP archaeological excavations",
                        "url": "http:\/\/dakhlehoasisproject.com\/works\/excavation-of-roman-fortress-at-el-qasr\/"
                    }
                ],
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "author": "Rhiannon Williams",
                        "year": "2020"
                    },
                    {
                        "author": "Victor Ghica ",
                        "year": "2023"
                    }
                ]
            }
        }
    ]
}