{
    "type": "FeatureCollection",
    "name": "site",
    "crs": {
        "type": "name",
        "properties": {
            "name": "EPSG:4326"
        }
    },
    "features": [
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
                    32.4029556,
                    26.1125346
                ]
            },
            "properties": {
                "id": 38,
                "site_uri": "https:\/\/4care-skos.mf.no\/site\/38",
                "modern_name": "F\u0101w al-Qibl\u012b",
                "ancient_name": "Pboou",
                "typology": "monastic settlement",
                "date_from": 0,
                "date_to": 0,
                "dating_criteria": "",
                "place_names": [
                    {
                        "language": "Greek",
                        "pl_name": "\u0392\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 "
                    },
                    {
                        "language": "Coptic",
                        "pl_name": "pbau | pboou | pbwou | vboou | vbwou"
                    },
                    {
                        "language": "Arabic",
                        "pl_name": "\u0641\u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a"
                    },
                    {
                        "language": "English",
                        "pl_name": "Pbou | Pbaw | Bau | Bopos"
                    },
                    {
                        "language": "French",
                        "pl_name": " Fao Qibli | Faou el-Qibli | F\u00e2ou el-Qibli "
                    }
                ],
                "trismegistos_uri": "https:\/\/www.trismegistos.org\/place\/3843",
                "pleiades_uri": "https:\/\/pleiades.stoa.org\/places\/756540",
                "paths_uri": "https:\/\/atlas.paths-erc.eu\/places\/68",
                "description": "F\u0101w al-Qibl\u012b, ancient Pboou, is home to a monastic complex supposedly founded by Pachomius during his lifetime, and is thus one of the most important cenobitic monasteries of early Christianity (Grossmann 1991: 1928; id 2002: 547; 550). The site, situated on the outskirts of F\u0101w al-Qibl\u012b, comprises the ruins of the monastery-basilica complex which includes a number of housing structures, hydraulic installations and industrial equipment (Debono 1971: 210-220; Ghica 2019: 129). Unfortunately, almost all of the archaeological work conducted at the site (apart from that of Debono) focused exclusively on the basilica, meaning very little is known about these additional structures, most of which have since been destroyed by agricultural development. Although the church and associated complex are not mentioned in Pachomian sources, their existence is implied in the Greek Vita prima (Halkin 1932: 56; Grossmann 2002: 548, n. 528; Ghica 2019: 130).\r\nThe chronological development of the structure is not entirely clear, with interpretations differing between the excavation teams. Debono, who first excavated in the late 60s, believed that the terminus post quem for the basilical remains that can be seen today was 381, given the discovery of a Pharaonic inscription which had been reused as a pillar base, an act which must have occurred after Theodosius\u2019 official abolition of \u2018paganism\u2019 (Van Elderen and Robinson 1977a: 66). This does not provide any clarification concerning the relative chronology of the earlier structures, however. The team who excavated in the 70s as part of the \u2018Nag Hammadi Excavations\u2019 determined that the large five-aisled basilica, the most discernable structure on the site, was built atop of an earlier church structure, which was itself constructed atop an even earlier building (Van Elderen 1979: 227). The two seasons of excavation led to the identification of five building phases at the site, each of which were dated based on associated ceramic. These dates were additionally supported by a number of coins found during the first archaeological mission, including mints of Constance II, Valens or Valentinian and Theodosius (Debono 1971: 218, pl. LIX). Phase I comprises a large third century building, the remains of which were found scattered throughout parts of the site, though not in the area of the basilica itself. These and other remnants, including a considerable amount of ceramic, intact and fragmented, dating from the first century, indicate the presence of a large Roman settlement at the site. Phase II consists of a structure which included a room containing many large storage vessels dating from the late third to early fourth century. Phase III corresponds to the earliest church, built atop of the structure from Phase II. This church is understood to date from the fourth-fifth centuries, with various ceramic supporting the fourth century date (Van Elderen and Robinson 1977a: 62, 65). Phase IV comprises the large basilica, which is understood to have been constructed in the fifth century, being abandoned in the seventh or perhaps eighth century. A destruction layer was also identified, corroborating with the 11th century destruction of the basilica attributed to al-\u1e24\u0101kim (Van Elderen 1979: 228; \u1e62\u0101lih 1895: 282). Phase V, the final one, which was only identified at a single area of the site, comprises the remains of an Islamic building dating from the 11th to 12th centuries (Van Elderen 1979: 228-231).\r\nGrossmann, who conducted excavations in the 1980s alongside G. Lease, considered that there were indeed three successive building phases, but that each of these were church structures, meaning there were two churches situated underneath the current basilical remains, giving a total of three successive churches (Lease 1991; Grossmann 1991; Ghica 2019: 129). The oldest structure, denoted \u2018the \u201cfirst\u201d building\u2019, is considered to date from the first half of the fourth century based on ceramic, with a hypothesised terminus post quem of 336-337, when Pachome founded the monastery of Pbow (Grossmann and Lease 1990: 11; Grossmann 2002: 23-24, 547; Ghica 2019: 129). This earliest phase was only partially discernible, with a few sections of the north and eastern walls being visible, but the identification of the northern half of the apse confirmed that it was indeed a church (Grossmann and Lease 1990: 9; Grossmann 1991: 1928b; Ghica 2019: 129). This earliest church belongs to Robinson\u2019s Phase II, mentioned above, with the storage room containing the above-mentioned storage jars believed to have been constructed when this first church was already in use (Grossmann and Lease 1990: 11). This was then followed by the construction of an \u2018intermediate\u2019 church structure. Though considered by Grossman to be the most difficult to date with certainty, this structure can be broadly situated at the end of the fourth\/beginning of the fifth century (Ghica 2019: 129). Perhaps half a century later, the third structure was built, that is \u2018the \u201cgreat\u201d basilica\u2019, with the column shafts which covered the ground belonging to this phase (though originating from earlier Roman period buildings) (Grossmann and Lease 1990: 9; Grossmann 1991: 1928b). The \u201cgreat\u201d basilica is understood to date from 459, given that that is the date of a sermon given by Timotheus of Alexandria at the consecration of a new church (Grossmann and Lease 1990: 10, n. 3). These later excavations revealed that the church included a large quantity of burials, with these individuals seemingly interred both when the church was in operation, and after the cessation of official worship (Grossmann 1979: 234). Grossmann and Lease reject the destruction of the structure by al-\u1e24\u0101kim, and instead suppose that after reaching its peak in the fifth century, the church slowly began to decline and was simply abandoned in the sixth century (Grossmann and Lease 1990: 13).",
                "archaeological_research": "One of the earliest known mentions of the site is from the 12th century by Y\u0101q\u016bt al-Hamaw\u012b (\u1e62\u0101lih 1895: 280-282). However, it was not until the beginning of the 20th century that additional information was written about the site, authored by M. Julien in 1901 and 1903. This was then followed by descriptions from L. Massignon in 1911 and L. Lefort in 1939. The first archaeological fieldwork was not conducted until 1968, when the Pontifical Institute of Christian Archaeology instigated a 25-day season of fieldwork, under the patronage of the Jesuit priest Henry Habib Ayrout (Debono 1971: 191-220). Fieldwork began 10th January 1968 under the direction of F. Debono, ending on February 5th.\r\nThis was followed by a further six seasons of work, conducted by two independent missions. The first two seasons were conducted by what was an essentially American team led by J. M. Robinson. After fieldwork commenced at the \u01e6abal al-\u1e6c\u0101rif in 1975 in an attempt to clarify the context of the Na\u01e7\u02bf \u1e24amm\u0101d\u012b codices, excavations were initiated at the monastery-basilica complex in 1976 by the same team. Excavations were initiated due to the relative spatial (and temporal) proximity of the monastery complex, situated some 18km north-east of the \u01e6abal al-\u1e6c\u0101rif and thus seen as a possible origin of the Na\u01e7\u02bf \u1e24amm\u0101d\u012b codices. The first season of work here, considered the second season of the \u2018Nag Hammadi Excavation\u2019, was conducted 22nd Nov. \u2013 29th Dec. 1976, while the second season was 24th Dec. 1977 \u2013 25th Jan 1978. Like the work at the \u01e6abal al-\u1e6c\u0101rif in 1975, the fieldwork was directed by Bastiaan Van Elderen. This was followed by four seasons of work in the 1980s, conducted with the intention of clarifying information obtained during Robinson\u2019s excavations. These missions were directed by P. Grossmann and G. Lease. The most recent archaeological work carried out at F\u0101w al-Qibl\u012b was the final season of this mission, conducted in 1989.",
                "bibliography": "\u2022 Am\u00e9lineau, E. 1890. La g\u00e9ographie de l\u2019\u00c9gypte \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque copte. 331-333. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale.\u2022 Debono, F. 1971. \u201cLa basilique et le monast\u00e8re de St. Pach\u00f4me. (Fouilles de l\u2019Institut Pontifical d\u2019Arch\u00e9ologie Chr\u00e9tienne, \u00e0 Faou-el-Qibli, Haute \u00c9gypte \u2013 janvier 1968.\u201d Bulletin de l\u2019Institut fran\u00e7ais d\u2019arch\u00e9ologie orientale 70: 191-220.\u2022 Elderen, B. van. 1979. \u201cThe Nag Hammadi Excavation.\u201d Biblical Archaeology 42: 225-231.\u2022 Gauthier, H. 1905. \u201cNotes g\u00e9ographiques sur le nome panopolite.\u201d Bulletin de l\u2019Institut fran\u00e7ais d\u2019arch\u00e9ologie orientale 4: 39-101.\u2022 Ghica, V. 2016. \u201cVecteurs de la christianisation de l\u2019\u00c9gypte au IVe si\u00e8cle \u00e0 la lumi\u00e8re des sources arch\u00e9ologiques.\u201d In Acta XVI Congressus Internationalis Archaeologiae Christianae, Rome 22-28.9.2013, edited by Olof Brandt and Gabriele Castiglia, 248 and 250. Citt\u00e0 del Vaticano: Pontificio Istituto di Archeologia Cristiana.\u2022 Ghica, V. 2019. \u201cL\u2019arch\u00e9ologie du monachisme \u00e9gyptien au IVe si\u00e8cle: \u00c9tat de la question.\u201d In Nag Hammadi \u00e0 70 ans, qu\u2019avons-nous appris? Nag Hammadi at 70: What Have We Learned? Colloque international, Qu\u00e9bec, Universit\u00e9 Laval, 29-31 mai 2015, edited by Eric Cr\u00e9gheur, Louis Painchaud and Tuomas Rasimus, 129-131. Leuven-Paris-Bristol: Peeters.\u2022 Grossmann, P. 1979. \u201cThe Basilica of St. Pachomius.\u201d The Biblical Archaeologist 42\/4: 232-236.\u2022\u00a0Grossmann, P. 1991. \u201cPbow. Archaeology.\u201d In The Coptic Encyclopedia, vol. 6, edited by A. S. Atiya, 1927b-1929a. New York: Macmillan.\u2022\u00a0Grossmann, P. 1981. \u201cEsempi d\u2019architettura paleocristiani in Egitto dal V al VII secolo.\u201d Corsi Ravenna 28: 151-153.\u2022 Grossmann, P. 2001. \u201cFaw Qibli. Excavation in the Year 1986.\u201d Annales du Service des antiquit\u00e9s de l\u2019\u00c9gypte 76: 143-148.\u2022\u00a0Grossmann, P. 2002. Christliche Architektur in \u00c4gypten, 546-551. Leiden: Brill.\u2022 Grossmann, P. and G. Lease. 1990. \u201cFaw Qibli \u2013 1989 Excavation Report.\u201d G\u00f6ttinger Miszellen\u00a0114: 9-12.\u2022\u00a0Halkin, F. 1932. Sancti Pachomii Vitae graecae. Brussels: Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Bollandistes.\u2022 Jullien, M. 1901. \u201cA la recherche de Tabenne et des autres monast\u00e8res fond\u00e9s par Saint Pac\u00f4me.\u201d \u00c9tudes 89: 230-258.\u2022 Lease, G. 1991. Traces of Early Egyptian Monasticism: The Faw Qibli Excavations. Claremont, CA: Institute for Antiquity and Christianity.\u2022 Leclerq, H. 1910. \u201cC\u00e9nobitisme.\u201d In Dictionnaire d\u2019arch\u00e9ologie chr\u00e9tienne et de liturgie, edited by F. Cabrol and H. Leclercq, vol. 2, col. 3047-3248. Paris: Letouzey et An\u00e9.\u2022 Leclerq, H. 1938. \u201cPeboou.\u201d In Dictionnaire d\u2019arch\u00e9ologie chr\u00e9tienne et de liturgie, edited by F. Cabrol and H. Leclercq, vol. 13, col. 2874-2875. Paris: Letouzey et An\u00e9.\u2022 Lefort, L. Th. 1939. \u201cLes premiers monast\u00e8res pach\u00f4miens. Exploration topographique.\u201d Le Mus\u00e9on 52: 379-407.\u2022 Massignon, L. 1911. \u201cSeconde note sur l\u2019\u00e9tat d\u2019avancement des \u00e9tudes arch\u00e9ologiques arabes en \u00c9gypte.\u201d Bulletin de l\u2019Institut fran\u00e7ais d\u2019arch\u00e9ologie orientale 9: 83-89.\u2022 Evetts, B. T. A. 1895. The Churches and Monasteries of Egypt and Some Neighbouring Countries. Oxford: Clarendon Press.\u2022 Timm, S. ed. 1984-1992. Das christliche-koptische \u00c4gypten in arabischer Zeit: eine Sammlung christicher St\u00e4tten in \u00c4gypten in arabischer Zeit unter Ausschluss von Alexandria, Kairo, des Apa-Mena-Klosters (D\u0113r Ab\u016b Mina), der Sk\u0113tis (W\u0101di n-Na\u1e6dr\u016bn) und der Sinai-Region. Vol. 2, 947-957. Weisbaden: Dr Ludwig Reichert.\u2022 Van Elderen, B., and J. M. Robinson. 1977a. \u201cThe Second Season of the Nag Hammadi Excavation 22 November-29 December 1976.\u201d G\u00f6ttingen Miszellen 24: 57-73.\u2022 Van Elderen, B., and J. M. Robinson. 1977b. \u201cThe Second Season of the Nag Hammadi Excavation 22 November-29 December 1976.\u201d American Research Center in Egypt Newsletter 99\/100: 36-54.\u2022\u00a0Wilkinson, G. Modern Egypt and Thebes, II, p. 118. London: John Murray.",
                "external_links": [
                    {
                        "text": "The Claremont Colleges Digital Library",
                        "url": "https:\/\/ccdl.claremont.edu\/digital\/search\/collection\/aot!nha\/searchterm\/Basilica%20of%20St.%20Pachomius%20(F%C4%81w%20Qibl%C4%AB%2C%20Egypt)\/field\/subjec\/mode\/exact\/conn\/and\/order\/nosort\/ad\/asc"
                    }
                ],
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "author": "Rhiannon Williams",
                        "year": "2021"
                    },
                    {
                        "author": "Victor Ghica ",
                        "year": "2020"
                    }
                ]
            }
        }
    ]
}