{
    "type": "FeatureCollection",
    "name": "site",
    "crs": {
        "type": "name",
        "properties": {
            "name": "EPSG:4326"
        }
    },
    "features": [
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
                    30.730395,
                    25.5963
                ]
            },
            "properties": {
                "id": 40,
                "site_uri": "https:\/\/4care-skos.mf.no\/site\/40",
                "modern_name": "Dayr Umm al-\u0120an\u0101\u02beim",
                "ancient_name": "",
                "typology": "military camp,temple",
                "date_from": -700,
                "date_to": 450,
                "dating_criteria": "Funerary, numismatic and ceramic material",
                "place_names": [
                    {
                        "language": "Egyptian",
                        "pl_name": " P\u021d-sy (?)"
                    },
                    {
                        "language": "Arabic",
                        "pl_name": "\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0631\u200e | \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0645 | \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0631\u0629\u200e"
                    },
                    {
                        "language": "English",
                        "pl_name": "el-Deir | Deir el-Munira"
                    }
                ],
                "trismegistos_uri": "https:\/\/www.trismegistos.org\/place\/14221",
                "pleiades_uri": "https:\/\/pleiades.stoa.org\/places\/776167",
                "paths_uri": "",
                "description": "The site of el-Deir, also known as Dayr Umm al-\u0120an\u0101\u02beim, is located on the N-E edge of the Kharga Oasis, 25km N-E of the town of Mad\u012bnat al-\u1e2a\u0101ri\u01e7a (Reddé 1999: 379; Dunand, Heim, Lichtenberg 2010: 13). It is situated on the Darb al-Ruf\u016bf, a route linking the oasis to \u011eir\u011f\u0101 and Farš\u016b\u1e6d, in the Nile Valley (Ghica 2012: 230). The site consists of an imposing fortress, a mud-brick temple dedicated to Amun of Hibis, a residential area dating to the Persian period, as well as five cemeteries. Occupation of the site seems to span from Prehistoric times until the fifth century CE (Bagnall & Tallet 2015: 4). Excavations have been ongoing since 1998 under the direction of Françoise Dunand, then under the direction of Gaëlle Tallet, in association with the University of Limoges. Research is currently funded by the French National Research Agency within the framework of the international CRISIS program. \r\nFortressThe original settlement, a residential area, dates back to the Persian occupation, although limited archaeological remains are identifiable from this period. Nearby, a fort was erected. Unfortunately, no systematic excavations have been carried out here as of yet, but there have been three trial soundings. The ceramic uncovered revealed that the construction took place between the late third and early fourth century, aligning with the major construction projects implemented by Diocletian (Reddé 1999: 329; Brones, Duvette 2007: 16, 21; Ghica 2012: 230; Dunand, Lichtenberg 2019: 121; Letellier-Willemin 2020: 45). The structure was clearly made to withstand assault, with the walls standing to a height of some 14 meters, and being 3.6 meters thick at the highest point, and 4.5 meters at the lowest (Brones, Duvette 2007: 6). It was also theorised to have potentially been a customs post between ‘the Oasis, its routes and the Nile Valley‘ (Letellier-Willemin 2020: 45). The fort was frequented and partially occupied through to the seventh-ninth centuries, tentatively the tenth century (Brones, Duvette 2007: 22). There have been a number of recorded instances of modern re-use of the structure, including re-use by the Egyptian army, who established temporary military barracks which date from the late 19th\/early 20th centuries. The fort has been predominantly studied by Catherine Duvette and Sophie Brones, who have also worked on establishing a consolidation\/restoration project of the fortress (Dunand, Lichtenberg 2008: 280; Dunand, Lichtenberg 2010: 27).\r\nTemple800 meters to the N-W of the fortress lies an E-W oriented mud-brick building with two vaulted rooms which has subsequently been recognised as a temple. This classification has been made based on the similarities the building holds with other temples in the Oasis, specifically those at D\u016bš, \u02bfAyn Laba\u1e2ba, \u02bfAyn al-Dabašiyya and Umm al-Dab\u0101d\u012bb (Dunand, Lichtenberg 2008: 279). Remains the fact that none of the temples at these other sites have been properly dated. A recent analysis of the brick temple at D\u016bš by M. Wuttmann, however, indicates that it could, in fact, date back to the Persian period (Dunand, Heim, Lichtenberg 2010: 47). So far, investigations have revealed that the current structure at Dayr Umm al-\u0120an\u0101\u02beim was preceded by at least one other building, but it is more likely that there were numerous preceding structures (Dunand, Heim, Lichtenberg 2010: 47). Evidence of this has been found in fragments of painted stucco containing traces of hieroglyphic inscriptions (Dunand, Heim, Lichtenberg 2010: 47). The dateable material found within the temple consists of a number of ostraca dating to the second century BCE; numerous Greek and Demotic coins – a considerable amount of which are of the type Zeus Ammon, dating from the reign of Ptolemy VI, around 175-170BCE, and one dating from the first half of the third century BCE; as well as a number of Demotic papyrus fragments (Dunand, Lichtenberg 2008: 280; Dunand, Heim, Lichtenberg 2010: 47). The aforementioned ostraca dating to the second century BCE indicates that the temple was dedicated to Amon of Hibis (Dunand, Heim, Lichtenberg 2010: 47). There are no architectural features that might indicate Christian use at a later date, but the numerous Greek and Coptic graffiti inscribed on one of the walls of the temple have inspired suggestions that the structure was used as a tomb, a chapel, a church, and perhaps even a hermitage (De Bock 1901: 5; Maspero 1912: 22; Naumann 1939: 16; Meinardus 1965: 346; Wagner 1991: 695a; Coquin 1991: 1658b; Ghica 2012: 230, 231). The numerous invocations of the Archangel Michael undoubtedly attest to the use of the structure by Christians, but exactly when this occurred, and the context in which it occurred, is unknown (Reddé 1999: 378; Ghica 2012: 231).\r\nCemeteriesFive necropolises have been identified so far, named according to their location on the site: Northern, North-Eastern, Eastern, Southern and Western. Worth mentioning also is a dog cemetery which has been found, containing some 500 mummified dogs (Dunand, Lichtenberg 2008: 278). These necropolises are of great importance in relation to establishing a timeline of occupation of the site thanks to a plethora of datable material and to chronologically well-defined funerary practices. Much of the ceramic found in the cemeteries dates indisputably to the late second\/early third centuries CE (Dunand, Heim, Lichtenberg 2010: 48). This provides evidence of the use of the cemeteries in Roman times, but this use was in fact, secondary in many cases. Several tombs found in the Eastern Necropolis have enabled the team to trace the occupation of the site back at least to the Persian period, while a number of Demotic ostraca have also been found, which have been dated prior to the Ptolemaic period (Dunand, Lichtenberg 2008: 263; Dunand, Heim, Lichtenberg 2010: 35). Accompanying this, the mummification methods are also useful dating tools. The mummies in the Northern and Eastern necropolises, for example, contain canopic packets inside the thoracoabdominal cavity, the use of which dates back at least to the Third Intermediate Period (Dunand, Heim, Lichtenberg 2010: 46). Likewise, the typology of a number of the tombs can be traced back to the 25th dynasty (Dunand, Heim, Lichtenberg 2010: 47).\r\nIn 2004, excavations began in the Western Necropolis, which has since been classified as ‘Christian’. The record of this cemetery includes various decorated textiles, a number of which are made from wool, a material rarely seen in ‘traditional’ funerary contexts (Dunand, Lichtenberg 2008: 276). The necropolis is somewhat cut into two independent sections, the northern and the southern half. The graves in the north are predominantly oriented E-W, while those in the south are oriented N-S (Dunand, Heim, Lichtenberg 2010: 42). It is this presence of woolen textiles, the E-W orientation of the graves, the single interments, as well as unique aspects of a number of mummies and representations of crosses that have led to the northern half being classified as a Christian cemetery (Dunand, Lichtenberg 2008: 276). This necropolis is consequently of particular importance in relation to the study of the evolution of funerary practices, particularly in relation to the spread of Christianity (Dunand, Lichtenberg 2008: 263, 274-275). It is understood to have been in use at least from the fourth century CE (Dunand, Lichtenberg 2008: 263, 276; Dunand, Heim, Lichtenberg 2010: 48). All of these chronological markers, if interpreted correctly, show that the site, or at least the cemeteries, have been in use for eight centuries, from at least the fourth century BCE, to the fourth\/fifth centuries CE (Dunand, Heim, Lichtenberg 2010: 48).\r\nEmbalmer’s workshopAccompanying the necropolises is a structure tentatively identified as an embalmer’s workshop. Uncovered in 1999, the structure is situated in a valley between the Southern and Northern necropolises, and consists of a mud-brick construction containing three communicating rooms (Dunand, Lichtenberg 2008: 263; Dunand, Heim, Lichtenberg 2010: 33; Dunand, Heim, Lichtenberg 2015: 9). As well as a large quantity of intact ceramic, the team found a large cloth bag filled with natron salt blocks, two baskets filled with stained linen, and a number of reed mats, at least one of which is assumed to have been used to deposit natron on the bodies of the deceased. All of these artefacts in combination led to the classification of the space as an embalmer’s workshop (Dunand, Lichtenberg 2008: 273). The fabrics of the ceramics imply that the area, and presumably the workshop, was in use since the beginning of Roman era until Coptic times (Dunand, Heim, Lichtenberg 2010: 43).",
                "archaeological_research": "While not excavated until recently, the site has been known for some time, with the early investigations and descriptions centered mainly on the fortress (Dunand, Lichtenberg 2008: 261). The first mention of the site comes from Cailliaud in 1821, after his visit in 1818 (Cailliaud 1821: 96 & pl. 22, 2-3). This simple initiate description was followed by the earliest geological study conducted in the oases, that of John Ball at the end of the 19th century, then by the work of H. J. Llewellyn Beadnell as part of the Egypt Geological Survey. Additionally, the site was likely visited by members of the Metropolitan Museum of Art (MMA), who conducted excavations in Kharga from 1908 to 1928, but no systematic exploration was ever undertaken. A number of objects in the MMA are believed to have originated from Umm al-\u0120an\u0101\u02beim, but their provenance has been lost (Heim, Lichtenberg 2010: 24). An area of the fortress was modified at the end of the 19th\/beginning of the 20th century in order to house a small garrison of Egyptian soldiers (Dunand, Heim, Lichtenberg 2010: 22). The German scholar R. Naumann mentioned el-Deir in an article for MDAIK, which included a brief description and a plan of the fortress, whose walls were described as standing to a height of some 12 meters (Naumann 1939: 1-16 & fig. 1-7). Six decades later, a topographic survey of the site was then conducted by Ch. Braun and P. Deleuze, for which A. Lecler took photographs (Reddé 1999: 379). Eventually, excavations began on the site in 1998, led by Françoise Dunand (Dunand, Lichtenberg 2008: 9). Directorship was passed from Dunand to Gaëlle Tallet, and in 2010 a collaborative partnership was also initiated with the team from Am\u1e25ayda, led by Roger Bagnall. Since 2013, there has been an emphasis on restoration and development, and in 2014 the team’s architect Nicholas Warner has been engaged in a project geared towards restoring the fort in order to create a tourist-friendly site, while preserving the archaeological heritage (http:\/\/oasis.unilim.fr\/patrimoine-oasien\/).",
                "bibliography": "\u2022 Ball, J. 1900. Kharga Oasis: Its Topography and Geology. Cairo: National Printing Department.\u2022 Bagnall, R. S. and G. Tallet. 2015. \u201cOstraka from Hibis in the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Archaeology of the City of Hibis.\u201d Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Papyrologie und Epigraphik 196: 175-198.\u2022 Beadnell H. LI. 1909. An Egyptian Oasis: An Account of the Oasis of Kharga in the Libyan Desert, with Special Reference to its History, Physical Geography, and Water-Supply. London: J. Murray.\u2022 de Bock, W. 1901. Mat\u00e9riaux pour servir \u00e0 l\u2019arch\u00e9ologie de l\u2019\u00c9gypte chr\u00e9tienne, 1-6. Saint Petersberg: Eug\u00e9ne Thiele.\u2022 Bravard, J.-P., A. Mostafa, R. Garcier, G. Tallet and P. Ballet. 2016. \u201cRise and Fall of an Egyptian Oasis: Artesian Flow, Irrigation Souls and Historical Agricultural Development in El-Deir, Kharga Basic (Western Desert of Egypt).\u201d Geoarchaeology 31, 6: 467-86.\u2022 Brones, S. and C. Duvette. 2007. \u201cLe fort d\u2019el-Deir, oasis de Kharga. \u201c\u00c9tat des lieux\u201d architectural et arch\u00e9ologique.\u201d Bulletin de l\u2019Institut fran\u00e7ais d\u2019arch\u00e9ologie orientale 107: 5-41.\u2022 Cailliaud, F. 1821. Voyage \u00e0 l\u2019oasis de Th\u00e8bes et dans les d\u00e9serts situ\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019Orient et \u00e0 l\u2019Occident de la Th\u00e9ba\u00efde fait pendant les ann\u00e9es 1815, 1816, 1817 et 1818. Paris: Imprimerie royale.\u2022 Coquin, R.-G. 1991. \u201cMonasteries of the Western Desert.\u201d In The Coptic Encyclopedia, vol. 5, edited by A. S. Atiya, p. 1658b-1659a. New York: Macmillan.\u2022 Coudert, M. 2013a. \u201cThe Christian Necropolis of el-Deir in the North Kharga Oasis.\u201d In\u00a0The Oasis Papers 6: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference of the Dakhleh Oasis Project, edited by R. S. Bagnall, P. Davoli and C. A. Hope, 451-458. Oxford: Oxbow.\u2022 Coudert, M. 2013b. \u201cR\u00e9flexion sur les pratiques fun\u00e9raires coptes: l\u2019exemple d\u2019une n\u00e9cropole de l\u2019Antiquit\u00e9 tardive sur le site d\u2019el-Deir dans l\u2019oasis \u00e9gyptienne de Kharga.\u201d In \u00c9tudes coptes XII. Quatorzi\u00e8me journ\u00e9e d\u2019\u00e9tudes de l\u2019Association fran\u00e7aise de coptologie, 11-13 juin 2009, universit\u00e9 la Sapienza, Rome, 177-189. Paris: De Boccard.\u2022 Coudert, M. 2014. \u201cLa n\u00e9cropole byzantine du site d\u2019el-Deir dans l\u2019oasis de Kharga en \u00c9gypte. \u00c9tude de cas: l\u2019individu W99.\u201d In Le Myrte et la rose. M\u00e9langes offerts \u00e0 Fran\u00e7oise Dunand par ses \u00e9l\u00e8ves, coll\u00e8gues et amis, edited by G. Tallet and C. Zivie-Coche, 249-258. Montpellier: Presses universitaires de Montpellier.\u2022 Coudert, M. 2015. \u201cLa n\u00e9cropole de l\u2019Antiquit\u00e9 tardive du site d\u2019el-Deir dans l\u2019oasis de Kharga. \u00c9tude des pratiques fun\u00e9raires coptes.\u201d Thesis, University Paris IV-Sorbonne, Paris.\u2022 Dunand, F. 2004. \u201cLe mobilier fun\u00e9raire des tombes d\u2019el Deir (oasis de Kharga): t\u00e9moignage d\u2019une diversit\u00e9 culturelle?\u201d\u00a0St\u00e4del-Jahrbuch, Sonderdruck, Neue Folge\u00a019: 565-579\u2022 Dunand, F. and M. Coudert.\u00a02014. \u201cLes d\u00e9buts de la christianisation dans les oasis. Le cas de Kharga.\u201d In Alexandrie la divine, edited by C. M\u00e9la and F. M\u00f6ri, p. 796-801. Geneva: La Baconni\u00e8re.\u2022 Dunand, F., M. Coudert and F. Letellier-Willemin. 2008. \u201cD\u00e9couverte d\u2019une n\u00e9cropole chr\u00e9tienne sur le site d\u2019el-Deir (oasis de Kharga).\u201d In \u00c9tudes coptes X, Douzi\u00e8me journ\u00e9e d\u2019\u00e9tudes (Lyon, 19-21 Mai 2005), edited by A. Boudhors and C. Louis, 137-35. Paris: De Boccard.\u2022 Dunand, F., J.-L. Heim, and R. Lichtenberg. eds. 2010. El-Deir n\u00e9cropoles I: la n\u00e9cropole Sud. Paris: Librairie Cyb\u00e8le.\u2022 Dunand, F., J.-L. Heim, and R. Lichtenberg. eds. 2012a. El-Deir n\u00e9cropoles II: les n\u00e9cropoles Nord et Nord-Est. Paris: Librairie Cyb\u00e8le.\u2022 Dunand, F., J.-L. Heim, and R. Lichtenberg. 2012b. \u201cLes n\u00e9cropoles d\u2019el-Deir (oasis de Kharga).\u201d In The Oasis Papers 6: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference of the Dakhleh Oasis Project, edited by R. S. Bagnall, P. Davoli and C. A. Hope, 279-296. Oxford: Oxbow Books.\u2022 Dunand, F., J.-L. Heim, and R. Lichtenberg. eds. 2015. El-Deir n\u00e9cropoles III: la n\u00e9cropole Est et le piton aux chiens. Paris: Librairie Cyb\u00e8le.\u2022 Dunand, F. and R. Lichtenberg. 2005. \u201cDes chiens momifi\u00e9s \u00e0 el-Deir, Oasis de Kharga.\u201d Bulletin de l\u2019Institut fran\u00e7ais d\u2019arch\u00e9ologie orientale 105: 75-87.\u2022 Dunand, F. and R. Lichtenberg. 2008. \u201cDix ans d\u2019exploration des n\u00e9cropoles d\u2019el-Deir (oasis de Kharga). Un premier bilan.\u201d Chronique d\u2019\u00c9gypte 83: 258-88.\u2022 Dunand, F., R. Lichtenberg, C. Callou and F. Letellier-Willemin. 2017. El-Deir n\u00e9cropoles IV: les chiens momifi\u00e9s d\u2019El-Deir. Paris: Librairie Cyb\u00e8le.\u2022 Dunand, F. and R. Lichtenberg. 2019. \u201cDes r\u00e9fractaires \u00e0 l\u2019enr\u00f4lement ? Plusieurs cas d\u2019automutilation dans une n\u00e9cropole \u00e9gyptienne.\u201d Bulletin de l\u2019Institut fran\u00e7ais d\u2019arch\u00e9ologie orientale 119: 115-123.\u2022 Dunand, F., G. Tallet and F. Letellier-Willemin. 2005. \u201cUn linceul peint de la N\u00e9cropole d'El-Deir, oasis de Kharga.\u201d Bulletin de l\u2019Institut fran\u00e7ais d\u2019archeologie orientale 105: 89-101.\u2022 El-Deir Oasis. 2020. http:\/\/oasis.unilim.fr\/accueil\/\u2022 Ghica, V. 2012. \u201cPour une histoire du christianisme dans le d\u00e9sert Occidental d\u2019\u00c9gypte.\u201d Journal des savants 2: 189-280.\u2022 Letellier-Willemin, F. 2010a. \u201cLes textiles.\u201d In El-Deir n\u00e9cropoles I: la n\u00e9cropole Sud, edited by F. Dunand, J.-L. Heim, and R. Lichtenberg, 191-222: Paris: Librairie Cyb\u00e8le.\u2022 Letellier-Willemin, F. 2010b. \u201cQuatre \u00e9charpes de la n\u00e9cropole chr\u00e9tienne d\u2019El-Deir, oasis de Kharga.\u201d In \u00c9tudes coptes XI: treizi\u00e8me journ\u00e9e d'\u00e9tudes (Marseille, 7-9 juin 2007), edited by A. Boud'hors and C. Louis, 151-160. Paris: De Boccard.\u2022 Letellier-Willemin, F. 2011. \u201cAccessories from the Christian Cemetery of El Deir.\u201d In Dress Accessories of the 1st Millennium AD From Egypt: Proceedings of the 6th Conference of the Research Group \u2018Textiles from the Nile Valley\u2019, Antwerp, 2-3 October 2009, edited by A. De Moor and C. Fluck, 96-109. Tielt: Lannoo.\u2022 Letellier-Willemin, F. 2012a. \u201cContribution of Textiles as Archaeological Artefacts to the Study of the Christian Cemetery of el-Dier.\u201d In\u00a0The Oasis Papers 6: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference of the Dakhleh Oasis Project, edited by R. S. Bagnall, P. Davoli and C. A. Hope, 491-499. Oxford: Oxbow.\u2022 Letellier-Willemin, F. 2012b. \u201cLes textiles.\u201d In El-Deir n\u00e9cropoles II: les n\u00e9cropoles Nord et Nord-Est, edited by F. Dunand, J.-L. Heim and R. Lichtenberg, 385-402. Paris: Librairie Cyb\u00e8le.\u2022 Letellier-Willemin, F. 2013. \u201cA Long and Narrow Sleeved Tunic of the Mummy W14.\u201d In Textiles, Tools and Techniques: Proceedings of the Eighth Conference of the Research Group \u201cTextiles from the Nile Valley.\u201d Antwerp 5th-6th October 2013, edited by A. De Moor and C. Fluck, 26-37. Tielt: Lannoo.\u2022 Letellier-Willemin, F. 2014a. \u201cLes d\u00e9cors de jour d\u2019El-Deir: une machine \u00e0 remonter le temps dans l\u2019oasis de Kharga.\u201d In Le myrte et la rose. M\u00e9langes offerts \u00e0 Fran\u00e7oise Dunand par ses \u00e9l\u00e8ves, coll\u00e8gues et amis, edited by G. Tallet and C. Zivie-Coche, 371-83. Montpellier: Presses universitaires de Montpellier.\u2022 Letellier-Willemin, F. 2014b. \u201cA Sheepskin with Its Wool from the Christian Cemetery of El-Deir, in the Oasis of Kharga, Egyptian Western Desert.\u201d In Fourth Conference of Purpurea Vestes 5th-6th November 2010, edited by C. Alfaro, M. Tellenbavh and J. Ortiz, 49-56. Valencia: University of Valencia.\u2022 Letellier-Willemin, F. 2020. \u201cTackling the Technical History of the Textiles of El-Deir, Kharga Oasis, the Western Desert of Egypt.\u201d In Egyptian Textiles and Their Production: \u2018Word\u2019 and \u2018Object\u2019 (Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine Periods), edited by Maria Mossakowska-Gaubert, 37-49. Lincoln, Nebraska: Zea Books.\u2022 Letellier-Willemin, F. Forthcoming. \u201cLe linceul du nouveau-n\u00e9 de la tombe 35, de la n\u00e9cropole chr\u00e9tienne d\u2019El-Deir, Oasis de Kharga, \u00c9gypte\u201d. In Le commerce des textiles (tissus, dentelles, tapisseries\u2026), 23\u00e8me assembl\u00e9e g\u00e9n\u00e9rale du Centre international d\u2019\u00e9tude des textiles anciens, Bruxelles 28 septembre-1er octobre 2009.\u2022 Letellier-Willemin, F. and F. M\u00e9dard. 2012. \u201cTechniques inattendues dans un fragment textile en coton du site d\u2019El-Deir, oasis de Kharga, d\u00e9sert Occidental \u00e9gyptien.\u201d Archaeological Textiles Review 54: 62-71.\u2022 Letellier-Willemin, F. and C. Moulherat. 2006. \u201cLa d\u00e9couverte de coton dans une n\u00e9cropole du site d\u2019el-Deir, oasis de Kharga, d\u00e9sert Occidental \u00e9gyptien.\u201d Archaeological Textiles Newsletter 43: 20-26.\u2022 Maspero, J. 1912. Organisation militaire de l\u2019\u00c9gypte byzantine. Paris: Honor\u00e9 Champion.\u2022 Meinardus O. F. A. 1965. Christian Egypt, Ancient and Modern. Cairo: Cahiers d'histoire e\u0301gyptienne.\u2022 Naumann, R. 1939. \u201cBauwerke der Oase Khargeh.\u201d Mitteilungen des deutschen arch\u00e4ologischen Instituts. Abteilung Kairo 8: 1-16 and fig. 1-7.\u2022 Redd\u00e9, M. 1999. \u201cSites militaires romains de l\u2019oasis de Kharga.\u201d Bulletin de l\u2019Institut fran\u00e7ais d\u2019arch\u00e9ologie orientale 99: 377-396.\u2022 Tallet, G. 2012. \u201cLes cartonnages.\u201d In El-Deir n\u00e9cropoles II: les n\u00e9cropoles Nord et Nord-Est, edited by F. Dunand, J.-L. Heim and R. Lichtenberg 227-90. Paris: Librairie Cyb\u00e8le.\u2022 Tallet, G. 2014. \u201cCulture mat\u00e9rielle et appartenances ethniques: quelques questions pos\u00e9es par les n\u00e9cropoles d\u2019El-Deir (oasis de Kharga, \u00c9gypte).\u201d In Dialogues d\u2019histoire ancienne suppl\u00e9ment 10, 219-255.\u2022 Tallet, G., J.-P. Bravard and R. Garcier. 2011. \u201cL\u2019eau perdue d\u2019une micro-oasis. Premiers r\u00e9sultats d\u2019une prospection arch\u00e9ologique et g\u00e9oarch\u00e9ologique du syst\u00e8me d\u2019irrigation d\u2019El-Deir, oasis de Kharga (\u00c9gypte).\u201d In Histoire des r\u00e9seaux d\u2019eau courante dans l\u2019Antiquit\u00e9 \u2013 r\u00e9parations, modifications, r\u00e9utilisations, abandon, r\u00e9cuperation, edited by C. Abadie-Reynal, S. Provost and P. Vipard, 173-88. Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes.\u2022 Tallet, G., Gradel, C., and F. Letellier-Willemin. 2012. \u201cUne laine bien plus belle et plus douce que celle des moutons \u00e0 El-Deir, oasis de Kharga, d\u00e9sert Occidental \u00e9gyptien.\u201d In Entre Afrique et \u00c9gypte: Relations et \u00e9changes entre les espaces du sud de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque romaine, edited by S. Gu\u00e9don, 119-41. Bordeaux: Ausonius.\u2022 Tallet, G., C. Gradel, and S. 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                "external_links": [
                    {
                        "text": "Universit\u00e9 de Limoges archaeological excavations",
                        "url": "http:\/\/oasis.unilim.fr\/accueil\/"
                    }
                ],
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "author": "Rhiannon Williams",
                        "year": "2020"
                    },
                    {
                        "author": "Victor Ghica",
                        "year": "2020"
                    }
                ]
            }
        }
    ]
}