{
    "type": "FeatureCollection",
    "name": "site",
    "crs": {
        "type": "name",
        "properties": {
            "name": "EPSG:4326"
        }
    },
    "features": [
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
                    30.564383,
                    29.347741
                ]
            },
            "properties": {
                "id": 52,
                "site_uri": "https:\/\/4care-skos.mf.no\/site\/52",
                "modern_name": "\u1e2aarabat Ihr\u012bt",
                "ancient_name": "Theadelpheia",
                "typology": "village",
                "date_from": -237,
                "date_to": 343,
                "dating_criteria": "Essentially papyrological, but also numismatic evidence. The earliest securely dated papyrus mentioning Theadelpheia dates to 230\/229 BCE (P. K\u00f6ln VIII 345), while the latest clearly dated ones date from 343 CE (SB VI 9622 = P. Sakaon 48) and 381\/382 CE (P. Col. VIII 237) (R\u00f6mer 2019: 110).",
                "place_names": [
                    {
                        "language": "Egyptian",
                        "pl_name": " P\u021d-\u02bf.wy-n-sn.t | Trsw\u021d | *T\u021d-rsy"
                    },
                    {
                        "language": "Greek",
                        "pl_name": "\u0398\u03b5\u03b1\u03b4\u03ad\u03bb\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 | \u0398\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c9 | \u03a3\u03b1\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9"
                    },
                    {
                        "language": "Arabic",
                        "pl_name": "\u0628\u0637\u0646 \u0625\u0647\u0631\u064a\u062a | \u062e\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0647\u0631\u064a\u062a"
                    },
                    {
                        "language": "English",
                        "pl_name": "Theadelphia | Batn el-Harit | Harit | Batn Ihrit | Kharabet Ihrit"
                    },
                    {
                        "language": "French",
                        "pl_name": "Th\u00e9adelphie"
                    }
                ],
                "trismegistos_uri": "https:\/\/www.trismegistos.org\/place\/2349",
                "pleiades_uri": "https:\/\/pleiades.stoa.org\/places\/737081",
                "paths_uri": "https:\/\/atlas.paths-erc.eu\/places\/121",
                "description": "Ancient Theadelpheia is situated on the western edge of the Fayy\u016bm, some 7km south of the shore of Lake Moeris, and 30km north-west of Mad\u012bnat al-Fayy\u016bm. There are a number of toponymic inconsistencies regarding the modern name of the site, which have resulted in confusions. \u1e2aarabat Ihr\u012bt seems the most appropriate in minimizing such confusions (see Davoli 1998: 279 n. 485 for a discussion of this). According to papyri retrieved during fieldwork (Trismegistos records 1613 found in Theadelpheia), the site was inhabited between the third century BCE and the fourth century CE. Today, \u1e2aarabat Ihr\u012bt is surrounded by cultivable land, with the kom having been completely flattened since the late 19th century (Davoli 1998: 279). There are only a few structures identifiable on the ground, including various houses, a temple, an area presumed to have been used for the processing of grapes, and a public bath, with the totality of the built-up area covering some 15 hectares. An extensive necropolis is situated to the west\/north-west of the inhabited area, in which a few visible graves are identifiable. There are three distinct groupings of interments in the necropolis, with the oldest dating from 250-150 BCE (Davoli 1998: 287).\r\nThousands of papyri have been retrieved from the site, including the Heroninos Archive, which is the largest surviving private archive from Roman Egypt. The papyri uncovered date from the Late Ptolemaic period to the reign of Augustus, while some 70 coins similarly range from the end of the Ptolemaic period to the period of Constantine (Davoli 1998: 281-282). Evidence of Christianity at the site are limited to attestations in these literary sources, including P.Sakon 48, wherein an individual identifies himself as the deacon of the church of Theadelpheia.",
                "archaeological_research": "Limited archaeological excavation has been conducted at the site. The first investigations were carried out by Grenfell and Hunt in 1899 around the same time when they were excavating at Euhemereia. This work, like that at Euhemeria, was dedicated to the discovery of papyri, and was thus of poor quality in terms of documentation. The men explored the inhabited center and the necropolis for a period of three weeks. Disappointed with the lack of papyri, they abandoned excavations after having only identified a temple and a number of houses. Two meagre publications resulted from their work, both of which were devoid of plans and descriptions (Grenfell and Hunt 1899; Grenfell, Hunt and Hogarth 1900, 51-61). They did, however, uncover some written documents, one of which enabled them to identify the site with the ancient locality of Theadelpheia (Grenfell and Hunt 1899: 12). After Grenfell and Hunt, \u2018scientific\u2019 exploration of the site commenced again in 1902 under the auspices of the K\u00f6nigliche Museen of Berlin, directed by O. Rubensohn. Like his forebearers, Rubensohn was actively dedicated to discovering papyri above anything else, with excavations conducted in a hasty fashion, without any real report being published (Rubensohn 1905). Based on the lack of objects found in the houses, Rubensohn concluded that the inhabitants of the village had left the site in an organised manner, taking belongings with them.\r\nVarious clandestine excavations occurred in-between the officially sanctioned work, which brought to light numerous artefacts that ended up on the antiquities market, likely being the origin of the famed Heroninos archive (See: Rathbone 1991). Much of this material was published by Gustave Lefebvre, who at that time was the head inspector of the Service des Antiquit\u00e9s (Lefebvre 1910: 162-166; id 1914: 88-93; id 1920: 40-46, 54-56; id 1921: 163-165). The discovery of two Greek stelae at the site in 1908, found during such clandestine excavations, inspired Lefebvre, and later Evaristo Breccia in 1912-1913, to undertake excavations at the site. The work of both men was carried out with the intention of identifying the areas mentioned in the stelae: a temple dedicated to the crocodile god Pnepheros, the Bubasteion, and a crocodile necropolis. Lefebvre identified a structure as the temple of Pnepheros, but Breccia doubted his conclusion. Breccia later found the actual temple in 1912, and had the stone elements dismantled and reassembled in Alexandria at the Greco-Roman Museum. P. Jouguet and S. Yeivin appear to have visited the site on separate occasions, but they did not conduct any archaeological work.",
                "bibliography": "\u2022 Bagnall, R. S. 1980. \u201cTheadelphian Archives.\u201d Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists 17: 97-104\u2022 Bagnall, R. S. 1970-1982. \u201cThe Population of Theadelphia in the Fourth Century.\u201d Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d'arch\u00e9ologie copte 24: 35-57.\u2022 Barns, J. W. B. 1957. \u201cA Fourth-Century Deacon\u2019s Petition from Theadephia.\u201d In Studia Patristica I, edited by K. Aland and F. L. Cross, 3-9. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.\u2022 Bernand, \u00c9. 1981. Recueil des incriptions grecques du Fayoum, vol. 3 (La \u2018M\u00e9ris\u2019 de Pol\u00e9mon). Cairo: Institut fran\u00e7ais d\u2019arch\u00e9ologie orientale.\u2022 Bonneau, D. 1982. \u201cLe drymos (\u03b4\u03c1\u03c5\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2), marais du Fayoum, d\u2019apr\u00e8s la documentation papyrologique.\u201d In L\u2019\u00c9gyptologie en 1979. Axes prioritaires de recherches I, 182-190. Paris: \u00c9ditions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique.\u2022 Breccia, E. 1918. \u201cTheadelphia.\u201d Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 arch\u00e9ologique d'Alexandrie 16: 91-118.\u2022 Breccia, E. 1926. Monuments de l\u2019\u00c9gypte gr\u00e9co-romaine, vol. 1. Bergamo: Officine dell\u2019Istituto Italiano d\u2019Arte Grafiche.\u2022 Casanova, G. 1975. \u201cTheadelphia e l\u2019archivio di Harthotes: ricerche su un villaggio egiziano fra il III a. e il I p.,\u201d Aegyptus 55: 70-118.\u2022 Casanova, G. 1979. \u201cIl villaggio di Theadelphia e l\u2019archivio di Harthotes. Addenda.\u201d\u00a0Aegyptus 59: 112-118.\u2022 Davoli, P. 1998. L'archeologia urbana nel Fayyum di et\u00e0 ellenistica e romana. 279-293. Napoli: G. Procaccini.\u2022 Davoli, P. 2012. \u201cThe Archaeology of the Fayum.\u201d In Oxford Handbook of Roman Egypt, edited by C. Riggs, 152-170. Oxford: Oxford University Press.\u2022 France, J. 1999. \"Theadelpheia and Euhemereia. Village History in Greco-Roman Egypt.\" PhD thesis, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Trismegistos Online Publications).\u2022 Grenfell, B. P. and A.S. Hunt. 1899. Graeco-Roman Branch: Excavations for Papyri in the Fayum; the Position of Lake Moeris. Archaeological Report (Egypt Exploration Fund 1898-1899), 8-15.\u2022 Grenfell, B. P., A. S. Hunt and D. G. Hogarth. 1900. Fay\u00fbm Towns and Their Papyri. London: Offices of the Egypt Exploration Fund.\u2022 Hagedorn, D. 1986. \u201cFlurbereinigung in Theadelphia?\u201d Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Papyrologie und Epigraphik 65: 93-100.\u2022 Lefebvre, G. 1910. \u201c\u00c9gypte gr\u00e9co-romaine, II. Crocodilopolis et Th\u00e9adelphie.\u201d Annales du Service des antiquit\u00e9s de l\u2019\u00c9gypte 10: 155-172.\u2022 Lefebvre, G. 1914. \u201c\u00c9gypte gr\u00e9co-romaine, III.\u201d Annales du Service des antiquit\u00e9s de l\u2019\u00c9gypte 13: 87-108.\u2022 Lefebvre, G. 1920. \u201c\u00c9gypte gr\u00e9co-romaine, IV.\u201d Annales du Service des antiquit\u00e9s de l\u2019\u00c9gypte 19: 37-65.\u2022 Lefebvre, G. 1921. \u201cDeux inscriptions grecques du Fayoum.\u201d Annales du Service des antiquit\u00e9s de l\u2019\u00c9gypte 21: 163-168.\u2022 Maravela, A. and W.G. Claytor 2022. \u201cContributions to the Prosopography of Theadelpheia in the Second Century CE.\u201d Tyche 37: 137-142.\u2022 Nachtergael, G. 2000. \u201cSceaux et timbres de bois d\u2019\u00c9gypte. I. En marge des archives d\u2019H\u00e8roninos: cachets et bouchons d\u2019amphores de Th\u00e9adelphie.\u201d Chronique d\u2019\u00c9gypte 75: 153-170.\u2022 Kortenbeutel, H. 1937. Steuerlisten r\u00f6mischer Zeit aus Theadelphia. Berlin: Weidmannsche Verlagsbuchhandlung.\u2022 Rathbone, D. W. 1991. Economies, Rationalism and Rural Society in Third-Century A.D. Egypt: The Heroninos Archive and the Appianus Estate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\u2022 Rathbone, D. W. 1994. \u201cSettlement and Society in Greek and Roman Egypt.\u201d In Proceedings of the 20th International Congress of Papyrologists, edited by A. B\u00fclow-Jacobsen, 136-145. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.\u2022 R\u00f6mer, C. 2019. The Fayoum Survey Project \u2013 The Themistou Meris Volume A \u00ad\u2013 The Archaeological and Papyrological Survey, 105-172. Leuven: Peeters.\u2022 Rubensohn, O. 1905. \u201cAus griechische-r\u00f6mischen H\u00e4usern des Fayum.\u201d Jahrbuch des Deutschen Arch\u00e4ologischen Instituts 20: 47-48.\u2022 Sharp, M. L. 1999. \u201cThe Village of Theadelphia in the Fayyum: Land and Population in the Second Century.\u201d In Agriculture in Egypt from Pharaonic to Modern Times, edited by A. K. Bowman and E. Rogan, 159-192. Oxford: The British Academy.",
                "external_links": [],
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "author": "Rhiannon Williams",
                        "year": "2020"
                    },
                    {
                        "author": "Victor Ghica",
                        "year": "2025"
                    }
                ]
            }
        }
    ]
}