{
    "type": "FeatureCollection",
    "name": "site",
    "crs": {
        "type": "name",
        "properties": {
            "name": "EPSG:4326"
        }
    },
    "features": [
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
                    32.757473,
                    23.558317
                ]
            },
            "properties": {
                "id": 78,
                "site_uri": "https:\/\/4care-skos.mf.no\/site\/78",
                "modern_name": "Kal\u0101b\u0161a",
                "ancient_name": "Talmis",
                "typology": "town",
                "date_from": -88,
                "date_to": 600,
                "dating_criteria": "Literary sources, ceramicware, coinage, 14C.",
                "place_names": [
                    {
                        "language": "Egyptian",
                        "pl_name": "Tlms | T\u021d-\u021dms | T\u021d-\u021dnms | Trms"
                    },
                    {
                        "language": "Greek",
                        "pl_name": "\u03a4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bc\u03b9\u03c2"
                    },
                    {
                        "language": "Coptic",
                        "pl_name": "talmis"
                    },
                    {
                        "language": "Arabic",
                        "pl_name": "\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0634\u0629"
                    },
                    {
                        "language": "English",
                        "pl_name": "Kalabsha | Talmis"
                    },
                    {
                        "language": "French",
                        "pl_name": "Kalabcha | Kalabchah | Kalabcheh | Kalabscha | Kalabsche | Kalabsha"
                    }
                ],
                "trismegistos_uri": "https:\/\/www.trismegistos.org\/place\/2787",
                "pleiades_uri": "https:\/\/pleiades.stoa.org\/places\/795868",
                "paths_uri": "https:\/\/atlas.paths-erc.eu\/places\/422",
                "description": "The site of Kal\u0101b\u0161a, ancient Talmis, was situated on the west bank of the Nile, c. 60-62km south of Asw\u0101n, c. 35km south-east of W\u0101d\u012b Qi\u1e6dna. It was \"the main urban centre in the Dodekaschoinos\" (Ob\u0142uski 2014: 31). The site had contained a temple dedicated to the Nubian god Mandulis constructed under Ptolemy IX Soter II between 88 and 80BCE, which was since dismantled and moved just south of the Aswan High Dama, and a fortified village dated to the Nobadian and Makurian periods (Ob\u0142uski 2014: 106-107).\r\nThe main area of interest, however, is the cemetery of Kal\u0101b\u0161a, which comprised several hundred funerary tumuli, thought to contain as many as 1000-1500 individuals (Strouhal 2020: 33). Within tumulus K20\/71 (Group 2) of the southerly section of the cemetery, denoted Kal\u0101b\u0161a South, was found an LRA1 vessel with three Greek texts which have enabled the site to be associated with fourth century Christianity (see: artefact 1375 \/ TM 105026) (Strouhal 1984: 77, 156). The only architectural indication of the faith at the site, though presumably of a later date, is the church which had been erected within the confines of the temple (Weigall 1907: 68-73).\r\nAlongside the cemetery of W\u0101d\u012b Qi\u1e6dna, the Kal\u0101b\u0161a South cemetery has been dated between the second half of the third century and the end of the fifth century, largely thanks to ceramic (Strouhal 1984: 101-194, 265; id 2020: 43), but also with the aid of 14C dating and numismatic evidence (Strouhal 1984a: 230, 241 and table 44). This dating is, indeed, in agreement with historical written sources. According to Epiphanius of Salamis (Gemm. 19-21), Talmis was conquered by the Blemmyes right before 394 (Ob\u0142uski 2014: 27, 35). In the following century, the political situation seems to remain the same since, around 423, Olympiodoros (Hist. fragm. I 37) includes Talmis in the Blemmyan Kingdom (Ob\u0142uski 2014: 27). It is, for instance, to this period that date the inscriptions of the Blemmyan and Nubian leaders Kharamandoye, Tamal, Isemne and Silko (Ob\u0142uski 2014: 27-28, 34-36).\r\nThe fate of Kal\u0101b\u0161a after this period is uncertain. We only know that, in the sixth century, Talmis was the seat of an exarch (Ob\u0142uski 2014: 96, 100, 103). According to Artur Ob\u0142uski, the site might well have functioned \"long into the Makurian period (8th-13th centuries)\" (personal communication).",
                "archaeological_research": "The tumuli of Kal\u0101b\u0161a were mentioned for the first time by A. E. P. Weigall, and the first survey was conducted by C. M. Firth (Weigall 1907: 75-76, pl. 27; Firth 1912: 36-37). Later, limited research was conducted by W. B. Emery as part of work associated with the sites of Ball\u0101na and Qus\u1e6dul, which included publication of a cross-section of one of the tumuli and a repertoire of typical ceramic (Emery 1938: 20, figs. 4-5). Majority of the archaeological work conducted in Kal\u0101b\u0161a was part of the UNESCO campaign to safeguard the monuments of Nubia, and, as such, was only brief. The earliest work, conducted in 1956, was dedicated to architectural and epigraphic recording of the site\u2019s temple (Daumas and Christophe 1959: 33, 44-45, 52; id 1960: 50). During the summer of 1959, the local antiquities inspectorate began excavating at the site, revealing the roofs of two chapels, with the continuation of work the following year resulting in the unearthing of a late period tomb (Or 30, 1961: 191; Or 31: 208). In 1961-1962, the temple of Mandulis was dismantled by a German team and rebuilt in 1962-1963 at a new site close to the Aswan High Dam (Wright 1976; id 1977). In 1974, as thanks for the assistance in the movement of the monument, the Egyptian government granted Germany the monumental gate of the temple, which now exists in the Charlottenburg park in Berlin. In the process of dismantling this temple, blocks from another, Ptolemaic-period temple were found, which were subsequently transferred to \u01e6az\u012brat Asw\u0101n (Elephantin\u0113), where the structure was partially rebuilt between 1974 and 1975 (Wright 1977; id 1987). In 1960-1961, cemeteries A and B in the north, C in the south, and E to the north of B\u0101b Kal\u0101b\u0161a were excavated during a single campaign by the Oriental Institute Nubian Expedition, a joint mission between the University of Chicago and the Schweizerisches Institut f\u00fcr \u00c4gyptische Bauforschung und Altertumskunde in Kairo (Ricke 1967: 37-42). And in 1965, Kal\u0101b\u0161a South, the area of relevance for the only demonstrably fourth century Christian object, was excavated by the Czechoslovak Institute of Egyptology, Charles University (Prague and Cairo), directed by Z. \u017d\u00e1ba with assistance by E. Strouhal. The efforts of the Czech team had been dedicated largely to W\u0101d\u012b Qi\u1e6dna (April 2nd-May 21st), with only three days dedicated to Kal\u0101b\u0161a (May 8th-10th) (Strouhal 1984: 74-75). The site has since been submerged with the flooding of the Aswan High Dam.",
                "bibliography": "\u2022 Curto, S. 1967. \u201cSurintendence \u00e9gyptologie de Turin. Mission arch\u00e9ologique.\u201d In Fouilles en Nubie 1961-1963. Campagne internationale de l\u2019UNESCO pour la sauvegarde des monuments de la Nubie, p. 35-39, pl. II. Minist\u00e8re de la culture et de l\u2019orientation nationale: Service des antiquit\u00e9s de l\u2019\u00c9gypte.\u2022\u00a0Daumas, Fr. 1970. La Ouabet de Kalabcha. Cairo: Centre de documentation et d\u2019\u00e9tudes sur l\u2019ancienne \u00c9gypte.\u2022\u00a0Firth, C. M. The Archaeological Survey of Nubia, Report for 1908-1909. Cairo: National Printing Office.\u2022 Gauthier, H. 1911. Les temples immerg\u00e9s de la Nubie. Le temple de Kalabchah. Cairo: Institut fran\u00e7ais d\u2019arch\u00e9ologie orientale.\u2022 de Meulenaere, H., M. Dewachter, and M. Aly. 1964-1970. La chapelle ptol\u00e9ma\u00efque de Kalabcha. Cairo: Centre de documentation et d\u2019\u00e9tudes sur l\u2019ancienne \u00c9gypte.\u2022 Ob\u0142uski, A. 2014. The Rise of Nobadia. Social Changes in Northern Nubia in Late Antiquity. Warsaw: University of Warsaw.\u2022 R\u00f8der, G. 1911. Les temples immerg\u00e9s de la Nubie. Debod bis Bab Kalabsche. Cairo: Institut fran\u00e7ais d\u2019arch\u00e9ologie orientale.\u2022\u00a0Ricke, H. 1967. Ausgrabungen von Khor-Dehmit bis Bet al-Wali. Joint Expedition 1960\/1961 with the Schweizerisches Institut f\u00fcr \u00c4gyptische Bauforschung und Altertumskunde in Kairo and the University of Chicago. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.\u2022\u00a0Siegler, K. G. and U. Rombock. 1970. Kalabsha: Architektur und Baugeschichte des Tempels. Berlin: Mann.\u2022\u00a0Stock, H., and K. G. Siegler. 1965. Kalabsha. Der gr\u00f6sste Tempel Nubiens und das Abenteuer seiner Rettung. Weisbaden: F. A. Brockhaus\u2022 Strouhal, E. 1979. \u201cContribution to Archaeology and Anthropology of Egyptian Nubia in 4th-6th century A.D.\u201d In Acts of the First International Congress of Egyptology, Cairo, 1976, edited by W. F. Reinecke, 609-613. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.\u2022\u00a0Strouhal, E. 1982 \u201cHand-Made Pottery of the IV-VI Centuries A.D. Dodecaschoinos.\u201d In Nubian Studies. Proceedings of the Symposium for Nubian Studies, 215-222. Warminster: Aris and Phillips.\u2022\u00a0Strouhal, E. 1984. Wadi Qitna and Kalabsha-South. Late Roman \u2013 Early Byzantine Tumuli Cemeteries in Egyptian Nubia. Vol. I. Archaeology. Prague: Charles University.\u2022\u00a0Strouhal, E. 2020. Wadi Qitna and Kalabsha-South. Late Roman \u2013 Early Byzantine Tumuli Cemeteries in Egyptian Nubia. Vol II. Anthropology. Prague: Charles University.\u2022\u00a0Then-Ob\u0142uska, J. 2016. \u201cBeads and Pendants from the Tumuli Cemeteries at Wadi Kitna and Kalabsha-South, Nubia.\u201d BEADS: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers 28: 38-49.\u2022\u00a0Weigall, A. E. P. 1907. A Report on the Antiquities of Lower Nubia and their Condition 1906-7. Oxford: Oxford University Press.\u2022 Winter, E. 1977. \u201cDas Kalabsha-Tor in Berlin.\u201d Jahrbuch Preussischer Kulturbesitz 14: 59-71, figs. 9-13.\u2022\u00a0Wright, G. R. H. 1972. Kalabsha. The Preserving of the Temple. Berlin: Mann.\u2022\u00a0Wright, G. R. 1976. \u201cKalabsha Temple Revisited (1961-1976). The West German Government\u2019s Preservation of a Nubien Monument.\u201d Mitteilungen des deutschen arch\u00e4ologischen Institut Kairo 32: 227-232, fig. 1 and pls. 54-55.\u2022\u00a0Wright, G. R. H. 1977. \u201cPtolemaic Remains from Kalabsha Tempe Reconstituted on Elephantine Island (1974-1975).\u201d Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 63: 156-158.\u2022\u00a0Wright, G. R. H. 1987. Kalabsha III. The Ptolemaic Sanctuary of Kalabsha. Its Reconstruction on Elephantine Island. Cairo: Deutsches Arch\u00e4ologisches Institut.",
                "external_links": [],
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "author": "Rhiannon Williams",
                        "year": "2023"
                    },
                    {
                        "author": "Victor Ghica",
                        "year": "2021"
                    }
                ]
            }
        }
    ]
}