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ARTEFACT IDENTIFIERS

Artefact ID	1612
TM ID	TM 61695
Findspot (DEChriM ID)	28 (al-Bahnasā)
Class	Textual
Material	Papyrus
Writing medium	Codex
Text content	Literary
Language	Greek
Description	Gregory-Aland 𝔓78, van Haelst 558, P.Oxy. XXXIV 2684: Codex fragment containing Jude 4-5, 7-8 Formerly folded double leaf of a codex (in an unusual format, 10.6 cm wide x 2.9 cm high), with two small holes near the top border of the papyrus, possibly used for binding. The papyrus is nearly complete, all margins are intact save for a part of the bottom which has broken off. A page contains between 3 and 5 lines, with 10-15 letters per line. Since the four pages contain non-consecutive text sections (Jude 4; Jude 4-5; Jude 7-8; Jude 8), this indicates two double leaves with Jude 6-7 missing in between. If the original codex contained the entirety of the Epistle of Jude, it would have comprised of 14 double leaves in total. This miniature gospel may have functioned as an amulet, worn around the neck, possibly with an apotropaic function (see Wasserman 2006). Considered a “free text”, the ed.pr. counts “two unique and three rare readings in four verses”, Wasserman 2006 counts “one singular reading, and four other rare readings”. Unusual spellings include using δ instead of ζ (ἐνυπνιαδόμενοι not ἐνυπνιαζόμενοι). Nomina sacra with supralinear stroke: ιην χρν, κν.
Selection criteria	Literary genre (Biblical), Nomina sacra
Date from	200
Date to	399
Dating criteria	Palaeography; generally considered to date to the 3rd to 4th c., Jones 2016 dates it later, to the 4th to 5th c.
Absolute/relative date	Relative date
Archaeological context	Found in al-Bahnasā (Oxyrhynchos) during the excavations of Bernard Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt between 1896 and 1907.
Accession number	Oxford, Sackler Library, Papyrology Rooms P. Oxy. 2684

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Reference edition
• Blumell, Lincoln H. and Thomas A. Wayment. 2015. Christian Oxyrhynchus: Texts, Documents and Sources. Waco TX: Baylor University Press. 138-140, No. 35.

Editio princeps
• Ingrams, Leonard, P. Kingston, Peter Parsons, and John Rea. 1968. The Oxyrhynchus Papyri. Vol. XXXIV (P. Oxy. XXXIV). Graeco-Roman Memoirs 49. London: Egypt Exploration Society. 4-6, No. 2684.

Additional bibliography (in chronological order)
• Aland, Kurt. 1967. "Das Neue Testament auf Papyrus." In Studien zur Überlieferung des Neuen Testaments und seines Textes. Berlin: De Gruyter. 91-136: 91n2.
• Mees, Michael. 1970. “P78 ein neuer Textzeuge für den Judasbrief.” Orient-Press: Bibliographical Bulletin of Oriental Studies (Bollettino Bibliografico di Studi Orientalistici) 1: 5-10.
• Treu, Kurt. 1974. “Christliche Papyri IV.” Archiv für Papyrusforschung (AfP) 22-23. 368-395: 368, 373.
• Aland, Kurt. 1976. Repertorium der griechischen christlichen Papyri: 1. Biblische Papyri: Altes Testament, Neues Testament, Varia, Apokryphen. Berlin/New York: De Gruyter. 314, Neues Testament (NT) 78.
• van Haelst, Joseph. 1976. Catalogue des papyrus littéraires juifs et chrétiens. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne. 196, No. 558.
• Turner, Eric G. 1977. The Typology of the Early Codex. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 22, 93, 150, P 78.
• Aland, Kurt and Barbara Aland. 1981/1989. The Text of the New Testament. An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism, transl. by Erroll F. Rhodes. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans. 57, 85, 95, 101. No. 𝔓78.
• Junack, Klaus and Winfried Grunewald. 1986. Das Neue Testament auf Papyrus. I. Die Katholischen Briefe. Berlin/New York: De Gruyter. 28-29.
• Aland, Kurt. 1994. Kurzgefasste Liste der Griechischen Handschriften des Neuen Testaments. Zweite, neubearbeitete und ergänzte Auflage. Berlin/New York: De Gruyter. 14, 𝔓78.
• Jaroš, Karl. 2006. Das Neue Testament nach den ältesten griechischen Handschriften (CD-Rom). Ruhpolding/Mainz: Franz Philipp Rutzen. 4600-4603, no. 2.58.
• Wassermann, Tommy. 2006a. “𝔓78 (P.Oxy. XXXIV 2684): The Epistle of Jude on an Amulet?” In New Testament Manuscripts. Their Texts and their World, edited by Thomas J. Kraus and Tobias Nicklas. Texts and Editions for New Testament Study (TENT) 5. Leiden/Boston: Brill. 137-160.
• Wasserman, Tommy. 2006b. The Epistle of Jude. Its Text and Transmission. Coniectanea Biblica. New Testament Series 43. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International. 51-72.
• Elliott, James K. 2007. “Supplement II to J.K. Elliott, ‘A Bibliography of Greek New Testament Manuscripts’.” Novum Testamentum (NovT) 49. 370-401: 373.
• Parsons, Peter. 2007. City of the Sharp-Nosed Fish. Greek Lives in Roman Egypt. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Figure 34.
• de Bruyn, Theodore S., and Jitse H.F. Dijkstra. 2011. “Greek Amulets and Formularies from Egypt Containing Christian Elements: A Checklist of Papyri, Parchments, Ostraka, and Tablets.” Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists (BASP) 48: 163-216. No. 121, 200-201.
• Orsini, Pasquale and Willy Clarysse. 2012. “Early New Testament Manuscripts And Their Dates. A Critique Of Theological Palaeography.” Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses (Eph. Theol. Lov.) 88(4). 443-474: 459, 471.
• Elliott, J. K. 2012. “The Early Text of the Catholic Epistles.” In The Early Text of the New Testament, edited by Charles E. Hill and Michael J. Kruger. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 204-224: 218-219, No. 𝔓78.
• Jaroš, Karl. 2014. Die ältesten griechischen Handschriften des Neuen Testaments: Bearbeitete Edition und Übersetzung. Köln: Böhlau. 381-832, no. 2.58.
• Jones, Brice C. 2016. New Testament Texts on Greek Amulets From Late Antiquity. London/New York: Bloomsbury. 175-179, No. 24.
• Nongbri, Brent. 2018. God's Library: The Archaeology of the Earliest Christian Manuscripts. New Haven: Yale University Press. 229. Figure 6.4.
• Comfort, Philip Wesley. 2019. The Text of the Earliest New Testament Greek Manuscripts. Papyri 75-139 and Uncials. Volume 2. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Academic. 119, 364-365. No. 𝔓78.

Authors

Victoria G. D. Landau, 2023

Suggested citation

Victoria G. D. Landau, 2023, "Artefact ID 1612", 4CARE database - Fourth-Century Christian Archaeological Record of Egypt, https://4care-skos.mf.no/artefacts/1612

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External links

TM 61695 / LDAB 2846 DCLP (PN) Kyprianos M1065 Oxyrhynchus Papyri (University of Oxford – Online Resource) NT.VMR CSNTM Wikipedia — Papyrus 78

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