4care-sites

AMḤAYDA (TRIMITHIS)

Place names

Arabic	أمحيدة
Greek	Τριμιθις
English	Amheida \| Amhida \| Amhada

Site map

Site information

DEChriM ID	10
Trismegistos GeoID	2733
Pleiades ID	776235
PAThs ID	174
Ancient name	Trimithis
Modern name	Amḥayda
Latitude	25.668709
Longitude	28.873704
Date from	-820
Date to	365
Typology	Town
Dating criteria	-
Description	Amḥayda, Dakhleh Oasis Project site no. 33/390-L9-1, is understood to be the Roman city of Trimithis. Preliminary surveys were conducted from 2000-2002, and excavations were initiated by Columbia University in 2004, directed by Roger Bagnall. Columbia University is still a continuing partner, but New York University is now the primary sponsoring institution, collaborating with other participating groups in the Dakhleh Oasis Project. Excavations of the site show occupation from at least the Old Kingdom up to the fourth century CE. There are a number of different excavation areas, with the main areas of focus being those designated 1, 2 and 4. Area 1 Area 1 is located in the north-east section of the site and consists of a major roadway and a number of domestic structures. The road, designated sub-area 1.2, is oriented E-W and was a major roadway leading into Trimithis. It consists of three different surface layers, each of which are composed of compacted mud, with the stratigraphy indicating that it was constructed at the same time as the domestic context located to the south, the front entrance of which opens onto the road. This house, designated sub-area 1.3, consists of a square building of moderate size when compared with the House of Serenos, unlike the latter, it does not show particular signs of wealth. It is apparent that it functioned as a domestic space, with the most distinguishable areas being those dedicated to food preparation and storage. Ostraka found in this house indicate that it was occupied from the third to the fourth centuries. The house is adjoined by a large L-shaped open space, understood to an exterior courtyard belonging to the house. This space is designated sub-area 1.4 (courtyard C2C). Remnants of cooking features and stabling for animals indicate that it was multi-functional, with emphasis on cooking activities, weaving and children/games. The finds from sub-area 1.4 show that there was no occupation of the space prior to the third century CE. A final structure of note is B9, originally understood as a continuation of C2C, but then concluded to be an independent house. Many of the objects found within this space are similar to those discovered in C2C, but not of the same quantity. These include loom weight fragments and a lamp fragment. Area 2 Sub-area 2.1 There are a number of noteworthy structures in this area including the richly decorated villa of a city counselor, a number of streets, a school, thermae, and a church, with a number of these structures interconnecting and overlapping, namely the villa, school and the thermae. The fourth century CE structure designated as B1, also known as the House of Serenos, is a richly decorated Roman villa which includes extensive painted murals. The structure displays three building stages: that of the thermae layer, a destruction layer, and the layer of the House of Serenos, the dates of which have been established based on the ostraka and coins found in the stratigraphic layers (Davoli, 2012: 276.) Originally consisting of 11 rooms, there was a secondary building phase a few years after the initial construction, among other changes, this is when the school building was included (Davoli, 2012: 277). This school building has been designated as B5, and the interpretation of it as being an area for education comes from the several lines of Greek text written on the walls, including the first few lines of the Illiad, as well as a number of ostraka showing literary exercises (the 2012 report states that these came from the occupation phase of B1, from ‘a school milieu’, but it doesn’t say where in the house.). The building corresponding to this school phase is badly destroyed, but consisted of at le,ast three large rooms: 15, 19 and an area partly covered by room 23. Several walls of the school were built directly on the baked-brick features of the thermae (“almost certainly built at the same time as Serenos’ house” – it was built before…). The layers underneath B1 and B5 belong to an earlier phase of occupation and extend further north, corresponding to the remains underlying/=B6. A number of the walls in B5 (9, 10 and 15) consisted of both mudbrick and baked brick, indicating the reuse of the thermae structure. The eastern entrance to B1 opens onto S2, a north-south oriented street, with a second street, designated S3, running north-south along the western side of the building. S2 consists of dumped layers which originate from a destruction phase preceding the construction of B1; evidence indicates that this street (S2) functioned as a private passageway rather than a public road. In the southern end of this street, a raised sigma-feature, probably a triclinium, surrounding what could possibly be interpreted as a table. Most of the coins found in the occupation level of B1 are from the 4th century, with the most recent one minted between 378 and 383AD. Within the floor of room 1, one of the layers is datable between 355 and 361 and seems to suggest that the floor and the preparatory layers under it were made at the same time, early in the second half of the 4th century. From the datable material, it is understood that B1 was occupied by Serenos and his family for about 25 years, being built around 340CE, restored and modified in some parts, and then abandoned around 365CE (Davoli, 2012: 276). Sub-area 2.2 The Roman thermae, probably consisting of 10 rooms, is located north of B1 and B5; it has been designated as B6. There appears to have been a number of building/utilisation phases of the thermae, with it being understood that B6 represents the latest stage (this needs to be clarified). The architecture of the thermae indicates that it dates to the Roman Imperial Period. Graffiti found on the northern wall of R25 dates to 325 or later. There is limited evidence to date the destruction phase, but it is likely that the thermae were undergoing modifications in the 4th century. These restorations/modifications were abandoned for some reason, as is indicated by the thousands of prepared but unused mosaic tesserae found in R30, which also explains the lack of objects found in the building. These tesserae are significant in that they prove the existence of mosaic floors in Trimithis and can be “considered the first proof for mosaic floors in the oases of the western desert” (Bagnall et al. 2012: 3). The baked bricks and some walls of the thermae were then used in the construction of B1 and B5, as mentioned above, (the row of rooms south of the central room 24 in particular has extensive parts – walls and floors – reused from the bath). There is evidence of a building phase predating the thermae, identified below the floors, consisting of bread ovens. *Sub-area 2.3* The focus of this area is B7, located east of sub-area 2.2, which is believed to have been a funerary church structure. The building is oriented on an East-West axis, and contains within its perimeter at least 8 burials, 4 of which have been studied. These interred individuals are positioned on their backs with their heads to the west, looking east. There is no evidence of coffins, biers or grave goods in these four graves. However, in some of them remains of textiles were found, suggesting the bodies were wrapped in funerary shrouds. Plant remains, tentatively identified as rosemary and myrtle bundles, were also discovered in a number of these burials. There were at least two floor levels, with a subterranean room which has been interpreted as a crypt. The eastern wall of room 1, the main room, has a number of Greek inscriptions, one of which reads hos theos. According to ceramic evidence, the building has been dated to the fourth century. Features in a number of rooms indicate that the space, or parts of it, was used as a food preparation area in its post-abandonment phase. Area 4 The final area of significance is Area 4, located at the western part of the site, which shows stone fragments and flint tools, possibly of Old Kingdom date (surface finds). The key area of focus here is sub-area 4.1, also known as the Temple of Thoth. This is the geographic centre of the whole site, and its highest point. While no longer standing, it is evident from the hundreds of construction blocks which have been found that there were a number of temple/s (chapel) structures in this location, understood to have been erected in three distinct construction phases. A considerable number of these blocks are inscribed with names of rulers, enabling relatively secure dating of the different phases. The earliest temple dates to the reign of king Petubastis of the Theban 23rd dynasty (around 800BCE – third intermediate period). A hieratic stela reused in the masonry belonging to this period testifies to the location as being the temple of Thoth Set-wah, with the stela acknowledging the donation of emmer and loaves of bread by Esdhuti, the Libyan chief of Shamain and successor of Petubast I, in the year 13 of the reign of Takeloth III. It is interesting to note here the presence of the Theban 23rd dynasty in Dakhleh, which is further confirmed by an additional hieratic stela found in the remains of the temple which dates to the 13th year of King Harsiese of the same dynasty. This was followed by a temple dating to the 26th dynasty, based on the inclusion of the names of three kings. Considering the structure stood on the same spot it can be assumed that it too was dedicated to Thoth. In the Roman period, a new temple was built under the emperor Titus. This was followed by the latest construction phase during the reign of emperor Domitian, which stood to the north of the chapel decorated under Titus, wherein several older buildings within the enclosure were demolished and their stone blocks reused in the construction of a larger sanctuary, with that of Titus being incorporated entirely into this new temple (built or decorated during the latter half of the second century CE). This final temple construction then went through two distinct destruction phases, one of which quarried away the Roman temple, leaving only the lowest courses of stonework. We see uses of these stones throughout other excavated structures in Amḥayda, including B6. *Sub-area 4.1* As well as hundreds of these construction blocks, excavation in Area 4.1 uncovered a number of pits. Although differing in shape, depth and dimension, they can be said to be round, oval or elongated, with almost all of them cutting into one another, indicating that they were dug at different times. One of these pits (F90) included a coin hoard of 850 tetradrachms divided into three textile bags, dating from Claudius to Marcus Aurelius. Pottery fragments found in the filling of these pits dates from the Old Kingdom until the fourth century CE. Some of these pits also contained temple blocks, most of which are related to the Saite temple dedicated to the god Thoth (which were reused in the Roman period after the building was dismantled). The fact that the concentration of these blocks varies between pits enables speculation regarding the original layout of the Roman temple, with it being understood that many come from the external N-S running wall of the temple. Roughly at the centre of AR50 appears the only portion left undisturbed by the cutting of these pits; the area seems to be delimited by walls, possibly creating a room; five complete pottery coffins, and the traces of two broken ones, in situ, as well as numerous fragments of similar coffins attest to the area being used as an animal cemetery with a presumably sacred function. This interpretation is aided by the discovery of 25 fragments of bronze Osiris statuettes and pendants as well as a large depositional cluster of at least 40 miniature vessels (DSU 120). There are also numerous indicators of bread baking, namely bread molds and grinding stones, as well as ash pockets. The general area is incredibly disturbed with recognisable vessels from the Old Kingdom to Islamic periods. *Sub-area 4.2* This area is located to the north of 4.1 and consists of a number of stone foundation blocks. While the function of these structures is difficult to interpret, they include a number of inscriptions dating to the Roman period; at least 5 instances of individuals having signed their name and patronymic on the top of a block, 4/5 were of the same individual, Petosiris son of Tithoes, and the 5th was Petenephotes son of Petosiris. Perhaps a structure of significance is a building situated on a hill east of the temple area, which is characteristed by a sort of peristyle oriented east-west, the plan of which is very similar to that of the large East Church at Kellis.
Archaeological research	Preliminary surveys were conducted between 2000 and 2002, and excavations were initiated by Columbia University in 2004, directed by Roger Bagnall. Columbia University is still a continuing partner, but New York University is now the primary sponsoring institution as of 2008, collaborating with other participating groups in the Dakhleh Oasis Project (DOP).

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Authors

Rhiannon Williams, Victor Ghica, 2020

Suggested citation

Rhiannon Williams, Victor Ghica, 2020, "Amḥayda", 4CARE database - Fourth-Century Christian Archaeological Record of Egypt, https://4care-skos.mf.no/places/10

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